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Biology > Unit 6: Mitosis > Flashcards

Unit 6: Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Offspring that generally resembles parents more closely than to other individuals of the same species. Each offspring inherits a unique characteristic of genes from each parent

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2
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures that contain most of an organisim’s DNA

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4
Q

Cell dividion

A

Reproduction of cells

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5
Q

Binary fission

A

How prokaryotes reproduce, the cell divides in half

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6
Q

Proteins exist of long thin fibers called…, which are a combination of…

A

Chromatin

Proteins and DNA molecules

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7
Q

When are compact , distinct chromosomes formed?

A

As a cell prepares to divide

The chromosome becomes visible under a light microscope

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8
Q

Each eukaryotic chromosome contains…

A

one long DNA molecule, which has hundreds or thousands of proteins

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9
Q

What happens before a cell begins to divide?

A

It duplicates all its chromosomes. As each chromosome is copied, new proteins molecules attach, each chromosome has two copies, called sister chromatids, which have identical copies of DNA

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10
Q

When sister chromatids are joined together, the narrow “waist” is called…

A

the centromere

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11
Q

Cell cycle

A

process of cell division

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12
Q

Interphase vs miotic phase steps

A

INTERPHASE: growing phase (longest phase)

  1. G1 (first gap)
  2. S phase
  3. G2 phase (second gap)

MIOTIC PHASE: when the cell actually divides

  1. mitosis
  2. cytokinesis
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13
Q

What stage does the cell spend most of its life in? What happens to the cell during this time?

A

Most time is spent in interphase, when the cell grows and copies its chromosomes

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14
Q

Prophase/Prometaphase

A

Prophase: Chromatin fibers become more coiled and folded, chromosomes can be seen with a light microscope. Identical sister chromatids join together. Microtubules grow out of centrosomes
Prometaphase: Nuclear membrane breaks up and microtubules attach to centromeres. Centrosomes are moved towards the center of the cell

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15
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up against the middle (the metaphase plate)

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16
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres of each chromosome come apart, separating the sister chromatids. Once they are separated, each chromatid is called a chromosome. Microtubules shorten

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17
Q

Telophase

A

Cell continues to elongate. Chromatin Tiber of each chromosome uncoils and the nucleoli reappear.

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18
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The division of the cytoplasm. Two daughter cell completely separate.
(In an animal cell, there is a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell in two)

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19
Q

Growth factor

A

Protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide

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20
Q

Density dependent inhibition

A

Phenomenon where crowded cells stop dividing

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21
Q

Anchorage dependence

A

Cells (most animal cells) must be in contact with a solid surface in order to divide

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22
Q

How do growth factors signal the cell cycle control system?

A

The cell cycle control system operates a set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. A checkpoint in the cell cycle is critical control point to regulate stop and go signals. There are three major checkpoints during the G1, G2 subphases of interphase and the M phase. A growth factor might affect the cell cycle control system at the G1 checkpoint. A cell that responds to a growth factor has molecules of the growth factor to the receptor triggers a signal transduction pathway in a cell, which leads to cell division.

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23
Q

3 subphases of interphase

A

G1, S phase, G2 phase

During these phases, the cell grows

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24
Q

G1 phase

A

Cell grows

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25
S phase
Chromosomes are copied
26
G2 phase
Cell grows more and completes preparations for cell division
27
M phase
The mitotic phase, the part of the cell cycle where the cell actually divides 2 phases, mitosis and cytokinesis
28
Tumor
An abnormally growing mass of body cells
29
Benign tumor
If the abnormal cells remain at the original site. They can cause problems if they grow in and disrupt certain organs
30
Malignant tumor
Can spread into neighboring tissues and other parts of the Jory, displacing normal tissue and interrupting organ function as it goes
31
Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells via the circulatory system beyond their original site
32
Carcinomas
Cancers that originate in the external or internal coverings of the body such as the skin or lining of the intestine
33
Sarcomas
Arise in tissues that support the body such as bone or muscle
34
3 reasons for mitosis
1. Growth 2. Cell replacement 3. Asexual reproduction
35
A typical human somatic cell contains ___ chromosomes, __ matched pairs, called ___
46 chromosomes | 23 matched pairs, homologous pairs
36
Where is each gene located?
The locus, specific place on a chromosome
37
What are the sex chromosomes?
X and Y
38
What are autosomes?
The other 22 pairs of chromosomes
39
Diploid cells
Any cell with 2 homologues sets of chromosomes
40
Gametes
Sperm and egg cells
41
Haploid
Cells that have a single chromosome sets
42
Fertilization
When a haploid sperm cell reaches and fuses with a haploid egg cell
43
Zygote
The fertilized egg is zygote and diploid
44
Meiosis
A type of cell division that produces haploid gametes in diploid organisms
45
Meiosis I: interphase
Chromosomes duplicate. At the end of interphase, each chromosome consists of 2 genetically identical sister chromatids attached together
46
Meiosis I: Prophase 1
Homologous chromosomes pair up forming a tetrad | Crossing over occurs
47
Meiosis I: Metaphase 1
Chromosome tetrads align on metaphase plate. Sister chromatids are attached at centromeres. Spindle microtubules attach to kinetichores at centromeres. In each tetrad, homologus chromosomes are held together at sites of crossing over. Homologous chromosomes of each tetrad are lined up to move in opposite directions of the cell
48
Meiosis I: Anaphase 1
Chromosomes move towards the 2 poles of the cell. Sister chromatids are still attached at centromeres. Only the tetrads (pairs of homologous chromosomes) split. 3 doubled chromosomes move towards each spindle
49
Meiosis I: Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis
Chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell. Each pole of cell has a haploid chromosome set once the chromosomes reach their spot. Each chromosome still has 2 sister chromatids. In cytokinesis, 2 haploid daughter cells are formed
50
Meiosis II: Prophase II
Spindle forms and moves chromosomes tpwards the middle of the cell
51
Meiosis II: Metaphase II
Chromosomes are aligned on metaphase plate, NOT in homologous pairs, with the kinetichores of sister chromatids of each chromosomes pointing toward opposite poles.
52
Meiosis II: Anaphase II
Centromeres of sister chromatids separate and sister chromatids of each pair (now individual daighter chromosomes) move toward opposite poles of the cell
53
Meisos II: Telophase II and Cytokinesis
Nuclei forms at cell poles and cytokinesis also occurs. 4 daughter cells form
54
What is the end result of meiosis?
4 daughter cells with haploid number of chromosomes
55
What is crossing over? What phase of meiosis does it occur in?
The exchange of corresponding segments between 2 homologus chromosomes Occurs during prophase 1
56
What is a karyotype?
An ordered display of magnified images of an individual's chromosomes arranged in pairs. They show the chromosomes condensed and doubled as they appear in metaphase of mitosis
57
What is nondisjunction?
When members of a chromosome pair fail to separarte
58
Deletion
A fragment of a chromosome is lost
59
Duplication
A fragment from 1 chromosome joins to a sister chromatid or homologus chromosome
60
Inversion
A fragment reattaches to the original chromosome but in the reverse direction
61
Translocation
Attachment on a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologus chromosome
62
Oncogene
a gene that can cause cancer when present in a single copy of the cell
63
Proto-oncogene
A normal gene with the potential to become an oncogene
64
Tumor-suppressor gene
cells with genes whose normal products inhibit cell divisions The proteins they encode help prevent uncontrolled cell growth
65
At least how many mutations must be acquired for cancer to develop?
At least 4
66
What is a carcinogen?
Cancer causing agent, factors that alter DNA and make cell cancerous. Promote cell division (X-rays, UV rays, tobacco)

Biology (12 decks)

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