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Biology > Unit 6: Mitosis > Flashcards

Unit 6: Mitosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Offspring that generally resembles parents more closely than to other individuals of the same species. Each offspring inherits a unique characteristic of genes from each parent

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2
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures that contain most of an organisim’s DNA

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4
Q

Cell dividion

A

Reproduction of cells

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5
Q

Binary fission

A

How prokaryotes reproduce, the cell divides in half

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6
Q

Proteins exist of long thin fibers called…, which are a combination of…

A

Chromatin

Proteins and DNA molecules

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7
Q

When are compact , distinct chromosomes formed?

A

As a cell prepares to divide

The chromosome becomes visible under a light microscope

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8
Q

Each eukaryotic chromosome contains…

A

one long DNA molecule, which has hundreds or thousands of proteins

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9
Q

What happens before a cell begins to divide?

A

It duplicates all its chromosomes. As each chromosome is copied, new proteins molecules attach, each chromosome has two copies, called sister chromatids, which have identical copies of DNA

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10
Q

When sister chromatids are joined together, the narrow “waist” is called…

A

the centromere

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11
Q

Cell cycle

A

process of cell division

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12
Q

Interphase vs miotic phase steps

A

INTERPHASE: growing phase (longest phase)

  1. G1 (first gap)
  2. S phase
  3. G2 phase (second gap)

MIOTIC PHASE: when the cell actually divides

  1. mitosis
  2. cytokinesis
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13
Q

What stage does the cell spend most of its life in? What happens to the cell during this time?

A

Most time is spent in interphase, when the cell grows and copies its chromosomes

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14
Q

Prophase/Prometaphase

A

Prophase: Chromatin fibers become more coiled and folded, chromosomes can be seen with a light microscope. Identical sister chromatids join together. Microtubules grow out of centrosomes
Prometaphase: Nuclear membrane breaks up and microtubules attach to centromeres. Centrosomes are moved towards the center of the cell

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15
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up against the middle (the metaphase plate)

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16
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres of each chromosome come apart, separating the sister chromatids. Once they are separated, each chromatid is called a chromosome. Microtubules shorten

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17
Q

Telophase

A

Cell continues to elongate. Chromatin Tiber of each chromosome uncoils and the nucleoli reappear.

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18
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The division of the cytoplasm. Two daughter cell completely separate.
(In an animal cell, there is a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell in two)

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19
Q

Growth factor

A

Protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide

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20
Q

Density dependent inhibition

A

Phenomenon where crowded cells stop dividing

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21
Q

Anchorage dependence

A

Cells (most animal cells) must be in contact with a solid surface in order to divide

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22
Q

How do growth factors signal the cell cycle control system?

A

The cell cycle control system operates a set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. A checkpoint in the cell cycle is critical control point to regulate stop and go signals. There are three major checkpoints during the G1, G2 subphases of interphase and the M phase. A growth factor might affect the cell cycle control system at the G1 checkpoint. A cell that responds to a growth factor has molecules of the growth factor to the receptor triggers a signal transduction pathway in a cell, which leads to cell division.

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23
Q

3 subphases of interphase

A

G1, S phase, G2 phase

During these phases, the cell grows

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24
Q

G1 phase

A

Cell grows

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25
Q

S phase

A

Chromosomes are copied

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26
Q

G2 phase

A

Cell grows more and completes preparations for cell division

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27
Q

M phase

A

The mitotic phase, the part of the cell cycle where the cell actually divides
2 phases, mitosis and cytokinesis

28
Q

Tumor

A

An abnormally growing mass of body cells

29
Q

Benign tumor

A

If the abnormal cells remain at the original site. They can cause problems if they grow in and disrupt certain organs

30
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Can spread into neighboring tissues and other parts of the Jory, displacing normal tissue and interrupting organ function as it goes

31
Q

Metastasis

A

The spread of cancer cells via the circulatory system beyond their original site

32
Q

Carcinomas

A

Cancers that originate in the external or internal coverings of the body such as the skin or lining of the intestine

33
Q

Sarcomas

A

Arise in tissues that support the body such as bone or muscle

34
Q

3 reasons for mitosis

A
  1. Growth
  2. Cell replacement
  3. Asexual reproduction
35
Q

A typical human somatic cell contains ___ chromosomes, __ matched pairs, called ___

A

46 chromosomes

23 matched pairs, homologous pairs

36
Q

Where is each gene located?

A

The locus, specific place on a chromosome

37
Q

What are the sex chromosomes?

A

X and Y

38
Q

What are autosomes?

A

The other 22 pairs of chromosomes

39
Q

Diploid cells

A

Any cell with 2 homologues sets of chromosomes

40
Q

Gametes

A

Sperm and egg cells

41
Q

Haploid

A

Cells that have a single chromosome sets

42
Q

Fertilization

A

When a haploid sperm cell reaches and fuses with a haploid egg cell

43
Q

Zygote

A

The fertilized egg is zygote and diploid

44
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of cell division that produces haploid gametes in diploid organisms

45
Q

Meiosis I: interphase

A

Chromosomes duplicate. At the end of interphase, each chromosome consists of 2 genetically identical sister chromatids attached together

46
Q

Meiosis I: Prophase 1

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up forming a tetrad

Crossing over occurs

47
Q

Meiosis I: Metaphase 1

A

Chromosome tetrads align on metaphase plate. Sister chromatids are attached at centromeres. Spindle microtubules attach to kinetichores at centromeres. In each tetrad, homologus chromosomes are held together at sites of crossing over. Homologous chromosomes of each tetrad are lined up to move in opposite directions of the cell

48
Q

Meiosis I: Anaphase 1

A

Chromosomes move towards the 2 poles of the cell. Sister chromatids are still attached at centromeres. Only the tetrads (pairs of homologous chromosomes) split. 3 doubled chromosomes move towards each spindle

49
Q

Meiosis I: Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis

A

Chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell. Each pole of cell has a haploid chromosome set once the chromosomes reach their spot. Each chromosome still has 2 sister chromatids. In cytokinesis, 2 haploid daughter cells are formed

50
Q

Meiosis II: Prophase II

A

Spindle forms and moves chromosomes tpwards the middle of the cell

51
Q

Meiosis II: Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes are aligned on metaphase plate, NOT in homologous pairs, with the kinetichores of sister chromatids of each chromosomes pointing toward opposite poles.

52
Q

Meiosis II: Anaphase II

A

Centromeres of sister chromatids separate and sister chromatids of each pair (now individual daighter chromosomes) move toward opposite poles of the cell

53
Q

Meisos II: Telophase II and Cytokinesis

A

Nuclei forms at cell poles and cytokinesis also occurs. 4 daughter cells form

54
Q

What is the end result of meiosis?

A

4 daughter cells with haploid number of chromosomes

55
Q

What is crossing over? What phase of meiosis does it occur in?

A

The exchange of corresponding segments between 2 homologus chromosomes
Occurs during prophase 1

56
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

An ordered display of magnified images of an individual’s chromosomes arranged in pairs. They show the chromosomes condensed and doubled as they appear in metaphase of mitosis

57
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

When members of a chromosome pair fail to separarte

58
Q

Deletion

A

A fragment of a chromosome is lost

59
Q

Duplication

A

A fragment from 1 chromosome joins to a sister chromatid or homologus chromosome

60
Q

Inversion

A

A fragment reattaches to the original chromosome but in the reverse direction

61
Q

Translocation

A

Attachment on a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologus chromosome

62
Q

Oncogene

A

a gene that can cause cancer when present in a single copy of the cell

63
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

A normal gene with the potential to become an oncogene

64
Q

Tumor-suppressor gene

A

cells with genes whose normal products inhibit cell divisions
The proteins they encode help prevent uncontrolled cell growth

65
Q

At least how many mutations must be acquired for cancer to develop?

A

At least 4

66
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

Cancer causing agent, factors that alter DNA and make cell cancerous. Promote cell division (X-rays, UV rays, tobacco)

Biology (12 decks)

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