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Unit 5: DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Which scientists found how DNA is the genetic material of life? How did they prove it?

A

Hershey and Chase. They used bacteriophages to find whether DNA or proteins made up the genetic material

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2
Q

Macromolecules that make up DNA and RNA. Monomer that makes up the macromolecules

A

Nucleotides

Nucleic acids

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3
Q

3 parts of a nucleotide

A

Sugar, phosphate,nitrogenous base

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4
Q

Back bone of nucleotide

A

Sugar-phosphate

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5
Q

Nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA

A

DNA: adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
RNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

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6
Q

Purines and their structure

A

Adenine and guanine

Large, 2 rings

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7
Q

Pyrimidines and their structure

A

Thymine, cytosine, 1 ring

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8
Q

Main structural difference between RNA and DNA

A

RNA’s sugar is ribose
RNA has uracil instead of thymine
Ribose on RNA has an -OH group attached to a cytosine

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9
Q

Shape of DNA

A

Double helix. 2 strands of polynucleotides

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10
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

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11
Q

How are 2 nucleotide strands of DNA held together?

A

Base pairing

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12
Q

Base pairing rules

A

A-T (or U for RNA)

C-G

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13
Q

Why is the model for DNA replication semi conservative?

A

Half of the parental molecule is maintained in each daughter strand

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14
Q

How do the 2 strands of DNA separate from each other?

A

They untwist

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15
Q

Where does DNA replication begin?

A

Origin of replication. Replication continues in both directions creating replication bubbles

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16
Q

Many origins of replication mean…

A

Replication can happen faster

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17
Q

Enzyme that adds new complementary nucleotides to each parent strand. Which end do they add them to?

A

DNA polymerase

Can only add to the 3’ end

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18
Q

What direction does the daughter strand grow?

A

Grows from 5’-3’ end

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19
Q

Function of DNA ligase

A

Links pieces of daughter strand together

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20
Q

Central dogma

A

Transcription and translation

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21
Q

Transcription

A

Transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA

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22
Q

Translation

A

Transfer of information in RNA into a protein

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23
Q

Where do specific instructions for making proteins come from?

A

Genes. Between DNA and protein synthesis is RNA. DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into a protein

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24
Q

Triplet code

A

Genetic instructions for an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain written in 3 base words, codons

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25
Genetic code
Set of rules giving the correspondence between codons in RNA and amino acids in proteins
26
Where does transcription happen in eukaryotic cells?
The nucleus
27
RNA polymerase
RMA nucleotides are linked by transcription enzyme RNA polymerase Unwinds DNA, elongates, and brings it back together
28
Promoter
The start signal for a nucleotide sequence, marks where transcription begins. Specific binding site for RNA polymerase
29
Initiation
Attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter and start of RNA synthesis
30
Elongation
RNA elongates. As RNA synthesis continues, RNA strand peels away from DNA template, which allows 2 separate strands of DNA to come back together in the already transcribed region
31
Termination
RNA polymerase reaches sequence of bases innDNA template called a terminator. This signifies the end of the gene. Polymerase molecule detaches from RNA molecule and gene
32
RNA that encodes amino acids
Messenger RNA. Messenger RNA is transcribed from DNA and that message is transcribed to polypeptides
33
Where do transcription and translation occur in prokaryotic vs eukaryotic
Prokaryotic: in the cytoplasm Eukaryotic: molecules required for translations exit nucleus via nuclear pores to enter the cytoplasm where machinery for polypeptide synthesis is located
34
What must be added to mRNA before it can leave the nucleus?
Extra nucleotides, cap and tail GTP cap on the 5' end Poly-A tail on the 3' end
35
RNA splicing
Cutting and pasting introns and extrons
36
Transfer RNA
Used to convert codons or nucleic acids to amino acids for proteins
37
How is translation initiated?
1. An mRNA molecule binds to a ribosomal subunit. A special indicator tRNA binds to the specific codon called a start codon, where translation on mRNA molecule begins. Indicator tRNA carries the amino acid methionine to anticodon UAC to make AUG. 2. Ribosomal subunit binds to a small one and tRNA fit into one of the 2 tRNA binding sites on the ribosome, the P site.
38
Steps of translation: codon recognition
Anticodon of incoming tRNA molecule carries its amino acid and pairs with the mRNA codon in the A site of the ribosome
39
Steps of transition: peptide bond formation
The polypeptide separates from the tRNA where it was bound (in the P site) and attaches by a peptide bond to the amino acid carried out by the tRNA in the A site. The ribosome catalyzes formation of the bond, one more amino acid is added to the chain.
40
Steps of translation: translocation
The P site tRNA leaves the ribosome, which moves the tRNA in the A site to the P site. Codon and anticodon are still blinded and mRNA and tRNA move as a unit. Next mRNA codon is moved to the A site to be translated so the process can start again. Elongation continues until a stop codon reaches the ribosome's A site
41
Base substitution
Mutation where one base is changed to another
42
Insertions and deletions
Series of nucleotides are changed | Alters the reading frame
43
Mutagen
Physical or chemical agent that is the source of a mutation
44
What are viruses made of?
A nucleic acid enclosed in a capsid, a protein coat
45
What are the two life cycles of a virus?
Lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle
46
Lytic cycle:
Reproductive cycle of phage T2. Host cell lyses and realizes the viruses produced within the cell
47
Lysogenic cell
Viral DNA replication occurs without destroying the cell
48
What is the genetic material of AIDS?
RNA. It has two identical copies instead of one
49
How does HIV reproduce? | Why is called a retrovirus?
Reverse transcriptase. Catalyzes reverse transcription, the synthesis of DNA on an RNA template It is a retrovirus because the flow of genetic information is RNA to DNA instead of DNA to RNA
50
What type of cells does HIV affect?
Infects and eventually kills white blood cells
51
Gene expression | The control of gene expression makes it possible for...
The flow of genetic information from genes to proteins, genotype to phenotype Cells to produce specific kind of proteins when and where they are needed
52
What is an operon?
Unit of genetic information that allows bacteria to regulate gene expression Only exists in prokaryotes
53
Lac operon
Used when there is lactose, all enzymes needed are created at once
54
Repressor
Transcription is turned off
55
Activator
Proteins turn operon son by binding to DNA
56
Histones
Small proteins
57
DNA packed rightly in structures in eukaryotic cells
Histones
58
How does DNA packing help regulate gene expression?
Prevents gene expression by preventing transcription proteins from contracting the DNA
59
tRNA stop codons
UAA, UAG, UGA
60
Silent mutation
doesn't change amino acid sequence
61
missense mutation
1 nucleotide is changed, a different amino acid is created
62
nonsense mutation
has an early stop codon
63
framseshift muatation
caused by an insertion or deletion, causing a shift in the reading frame
64
Bacteriophage
Virus that affects bacteria
65
Why is the lysogenic cycle temperate?
It can switch between lytic and lysogenic cycles due to environmental stress
66
Mouse experiment
Griffith Had a bacteria with an S strain (disease causing) and R strain (non disease causing) with the R strain, the mice lived. With the S strain, they died. The S strain was heated and the mice lived. When the R strain was mixed with the heat killed S strain, the mice died
67
Hershey and Chase
When they tracked DNA

Biology (12 decks)

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