Unit 1: Macromolecules of Life

Question 1

What are the 4 main classes of macromolecules?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

Question 2

How do cells make large molecules?

Answer 2

By joining small molecules (polymers) into long chains (monomers)

Question 3

What is the chamical process that links two monomers together?

Answer 3

Dehydration reaction, which removes a molecules of water.
A hydroxyl functional group from one monomer is lost and a hydrogen atom from another monomer is lost, forming a covalent bond, which links the 2 monomers

Question 4

What is the process that breaks a polymer into its monomers?

Answer 4

Hydrolosis, which breaks cell bonds by adding water
A water molecule must be added to the bond between the 2 monomers. A hydroxyl functional group joins to one monomer and a hydrogen atom joins to the other

Question 5

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 5

Small starch/sugar molecules

Question 6

What are the monomers that make up carbohydrates?

Answer 6

Monosaccharides, for example, glucose, fructose, galactide

Question 7

What is the molecular formula for glucose?

Answer 7

C6H12O6

Question 8

What is the function of monosaccharides i cells?

Answer 8

Storage molecules or structural compounds

Question 9

Describe a starch and where it is found

Answer 9

A storage polysaccharide in plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers.

Question 10

Describe glycogen and where it is found

Answer 10

Stored as granules in liver and muscle cells, which hydrolyze the glycogen to release glucose when needed
Stored in liver and muscle cells

Question 11

Describe cellulose and where is is found

Answer 11

Found in plant cell walls. Most abundant organic compound on Earth, make plant strong enough to stand

Question 12

Describe chitin and where it is found

Answer 12

Found in cell walls of fungi and in insects/crustaceans exoskeletons. Used for protection

Question 13

What are lipids?

Answer 13

Diverse compounds that mix poorly with water. Consist mainly of C and H linked together by NONPOLAR COVALENT bonds, hydrophobic

Question 14

What is a fat?

Answer 14

A large lipid made from 2 kinds of smaller molecules: 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids joined by dehydration synthesis

Question 15

What is a glycerol molecule?

Answer 15

An alcohol woth 3 carbinds, each with a hydroxyl group

Question 16

What is a fatty acid?

Answer 16

A carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain

Question 17

What is the main function of fats?

Answer 17

Energy storage

Question 18

Triglyceride

Answer 18

Synonym for fat, stores energy

Question 19

Saturated vs. unsaturated fat

Answer 19

Unsaturated: double bonds in carbon chain, has less than the maximum number of hydrogens
Saturated: has the maximum number of hydrogens

Question 20

Phospholipids

Answer 20

Has only 2 fatty acids instead of 3, and in place of the third fatty acid is a negatively charged phosphate group. Found in the cell membrane
polar phosphate groups and nonpolar fatty acids

Question 21

What is a steroid?

Answer 21

Lipids whose carbon skeleton contains 4 fused rings

Question 22

Cholesterol is a steroid that is a common component of ____

Answer 22

animal cell membranes

Question 23

What are proteins?

Answer 23

A polymer constructed from amino acid monomers

Question 24

What is the most important type of protein for cells?

Answer 24

enzymes, chemical catalysts that speed and regulate almost all chemical reaction in cells

Question 25

amphiphatic

Answer 25

polar and nonpolar

Question 26

What are the bonds between glycerol and fatty acids called?

Answer 26

Ester bonds

Question 27

What are the bonds between sugar called?

Answer 27

glycocidic bonds

Question 28

What are proteins made of? What links them together?

Answer 28

Made of amino acids. Linked together by peptide bonds

Question 29

What are the functional groups found in an amino acid

Answer 29

An amino group and a carboxyl group

Question 30

Why is a protein's shape so important?

Answer 30

It determines its function

Question 31

What is denaturation?

Answer 31

When a polypeptide chain unravels and loses the specific shape, and also its function

Question 32

Primary level of protein structure

Answer 32

The primary structure is a unique sequence of amino acids | For any protein to perform its specific function, it must have its amino acids in a precise order

Question 33

Secondary level of protein structure

Answer 33

Parts of the polypeptide form coils, which results in the alpha helix (spiral shape). The folding results in a pleated sheet (zig zag shape) These patterns are maintained by hydrogen bonds

Question 34

Tertiary structure of protein structure

Answer 34

3D shape of polypeptide. Results from interactions between R groups and amino acids. Hydrogen bonds between polar side chains and ionic bonds of R groups help maintain tertiary structure

Question 35

Quartenary structure

Answer 35

Structure results from subunits, 2 or more polypeptide chains

Question 36

2 examples of nucleic acids and their building blocks

Answer 36

RNA and DNA | Nucleotides

Question 37

What is the difference between DNA and RNA

Answer 37

DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid, has 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and nitrogenous base RNA: 5 carbon sugar (ribose), phosphate group, asnd nitrogenous base

Question 38

Nitrogenous bases for DNA

Answer 38

Adenine, Thiamine, Guanine, and Cytosine | A bonds to T, G bonds to C

Question 39

Nitrogenous bases for RNA

Answer 39

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil

Question 40

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 40

Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

Question 41

What parts of the nucleotides make up the rungs of the ladder? The backbone?

Answer 41

Rungs: nitrogenous bases Backbone: sugar and phosphate

Question 42

What kinds of bonds hold DNA together?

Answer 42

Hydrogen bonds

Question 43

Enzymes

Answer 43

Biological catalysts

Question 44

What element is found in all proteins but not in carbohydrates or lipids?

Answer 44

Nitrogen

Question 45

What do enzymes do that is so important for living things?

Answer 45

They speed up the rate of reaction

Question 46

What is a substrate?

Answer 46

The specific reactant that an enzyme acts upon

Question 47

What is an active site?

Answer 47

The region the substrate fits into

Question 48

What are 3 factors that affect an enzymes ability to function?

Answer 48

Temperature, pH and cofactors

Question 49

Most human enzymes operate at a temperature of _____ and a pH of _____

Answer 49

95-104 degrees F and a pH of 6-8

Question 50

What happens to a reaction of you add substrate to a concentration of enzymes?

Answer 50

The reaction will speed up

Question 51

What is an inhibitor?

Answer 51

A chemical that interferes with an enzymes activity