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Biology > Unit 1: Macromolecules of Life > Flashcards

Unit 1: Macromolecules of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 main classes of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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2
Q

How do cells make large molecules?

A

By joining small molecules (polymers) into long chains (monomers)

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3
Q

What is the chamical process that links two monomers together?

A

Dehydration reaction, which removes a molecules of water.
A hydroxyl functional group from one monomer is lost and a hydrogen atom from another monomer is lost, forming a covalent bond, which links the 2 monomers

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4
Q

What is the process that breaks a polymer into its monomers?

A

Hydrolosis, which breaks cell bonds by adding water
A water molecule must be added to the bond between the 2 monomers. A hydroxyl functional group joins to one monomer and a hydrogen atom joins to the other

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5
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Small starch/sugar molecules

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6
Q

What are the monomers that make up carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, for example, glucose, fructose, galactide

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7
Q

What is the molecular formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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8
Q

What is the function of monosaccharides i cells?

A

Storage molecules or structural compounds

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9
Q

Describe a starch and where it is found

A

A storage polysaccharide in plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers.

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10
Q

Describe glycogen and where it is found

A

Stored as granules in liver and muscle cells, which hydrolyze the glycogen to release glucose when needed
Stored in liver and muscle cells

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11
Q

Describe cellulose and where is is found

A

Found in plant cell walls. Most abundant organic compound on Earth, make plant strong enough to stand

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12
Q

Describe chitin and where it is found

A

Found in cell walls of fungi and in insects/crustaceans exoskeletons. Used for protection

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13
Q

What are lipids?

A

Diverse compounds that mix poorly with water. Consist mainly of C and H linked together by NONPOLAR COVALENT bonds, hydrophobic

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14
Q

What is a fat?

A

A large lipid made from 2 kinds of smaller molecules: 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids joined by dehydration synthesis

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15
Q

What is a glycerol molecule?

A

An alcohol woth 3 carbinds, each with a hydroxyl group

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16
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

A carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain

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17
Q

What is the main function of fats?

A

Energy storage

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18
Q

Triglyceride

A

Synonym for fat, stores energy

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19
Q

Saturated vs. unsaturated fat

A

Unsaturated: double bonds in carbon chain, has less than the maximum number of hydrogens
Saturated: has the maximum number of hydrogens

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20
Q

Phospholipids

A

Has only 2 fatty acids instead of 3, and in place of the third fatty acid is a negatively charged phosphate group. Found in the cell membrane
polar phosphate groups and nonpolar fatty acids

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21
Q

What is a steroid?

A

Lipids whose carbon skeleton contains 4 fused rings

22
Q

Cholesterol is a steroid that is a common component of ____

A

animal cell membranes

23
Q

What are proteins?

A

A polymer constructed from amino acid monomers

24
Q

What is the most important type of protein for cells?

A

enzymes, chemical catalysts that speed and regulate almost all chemical reaction in cells

25
Q

amphiphatic

A

polar and nonpolar

26
Q

What are the bonds between glycerol and fatty acids called?

A

Ester bonds

27
Q

What are the bonds between sugar called?

A

glycocidic bonds

28
Q

What are proteins made of? What links them together?

A

Made of amino acids. Linked together by peptide bonds

29
Q

What are the functional groups found in an amino acid

A

An amino group and a carboxyl group

30
Q

Why is a protein’s shape so important?

A

It determines its function

31
Q

What is denaturation?

A

When a polypeptide chain unravels and loses the specific shape, and also its function

32
Q

Primary level of protein structure

A

The primary structure is a unique sequence of amino acids

For any protein to perform its specific function, it must have its amino acids in a precise order

33
Q

Secondary level of protein structure

A

Parts of the polypeptide form coils, which results in the alpha helix (spiral shape). The folding results in a pleated sheet (zig zag shape) These patterns are maintained by hydrogen bonds

34
Q

Tertiary structure of protein structure

A

3D shape of polypeptide. Results from interactions between R groups and amino acids. Hydrogen bonds between polar side chains and ionic bonds of R groups help maintain tertiary structure

35
Q

Quartenary structure

A

Structure results from subunits, 2 or more polypeptide chains

36
Q

2 examples of nucleic acids and their building blocks

A

RNA and DNA

Nucleotides

37
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid, has 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
RNA: 5 carbon sugar (ribose), phosphate group, asnd nitrogenous base

38
Q

Nitrogenous bases for DNA

A

Adenine, Thiamine, Guanine, and Cytosine

A bonds to T, G bonds to C

39
Q

Nitrogenous bases for RNA

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil

40
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

41
Q

What parts of the nucleotides make up the rungs of the ladder? The backbone?

A

Rungs: nitrogenous bases
Backbone: sugar and phosphate

42
Q

What kinds of bonds hold DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

43
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts

44
Q

What element is found in all proteins but not in carbohydrates or lipids?

A

Nitrogen

45
Q

What do enzymes do that is so important for living things?

A

They speed up the rate of reaction

46
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The specific reactant that an enzyme acts upon

47
Q

What is an active site?

A

The region the substrate fits into

48
Q

What are 3 factors that affect an enzymes ability to function?

A

Temperature, pH and cofactors

49
Q

Most human enzymes operate at a temperature of _____ and a pH of _____

A

95-104 degrees F and a pH of 6-8

50
Q

What happens to a reaction of you add substrate to a concentration of enzymes?

A

The reaction will speed up

51
Q

What is an inhibitor?

A

A chemical that interferes with an enzymes activity

Biology (12 decks)

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