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NURS 1103 > UNIT 6 - INFLAMMATION/HEALING > Flashcards

UNIT 6 - INFLAMMATION/HEALING Flashcards

1
Q

Acute inflammation leads to

A

resolution and healing

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2
Q

chronic inflammation leads to

A

healing

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3
Q

granuloma leads to

A

healing and reconstruction

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4
Q

Acute inflammation involves

A

1) vascular changes
2) action of inflammatory mediators (chemical changes)
3) infiltration of tissue by WBC

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5
Q

Basic responses of acute inflammation

A

1) local response= vascular and chemical changes

2) Systemic responses = WBC and acute-phase response

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6
Q

classic cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A
  • redness
  • heat
  • pain
  • swelling
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7
Q

What happens in vascular stage

A
  • leukotrienes and prostaglandins come from damaged phospholipids
  • arterioles and venules dilate increasing blood flow, resulting in redness and heat
  • capillaries more permeable allowing exudate to escape causing swelling and pain
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8
Q

what do WBC’s do

A

enter injured tissue and:

  • destroy infective organisms (phagocytosis)
  • remove damaged cells
  • release more inflammatory mediators to control inflammation and healing
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9
Q

how do leukocytes enter injured area

A
  1. Pavementing = WBC become sticky and stick to endothelial cell membranes
  2. Emigration = WBC squeeze between endothelial cells (diapedesis)
  3. Chemotaxis = movement along gradient of chemical attractants released by bateria (get to right place of injury)
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10
Q

Steps of Phagocytosis

A
  1. PMN (neutrophil) attaches to bacterium
  2. PMN engulfs the bacterium
  3. formation of the phagocytic vacoule
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11
Q

What process do corticosteroids stop?

A

the production of arachidonic acid

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12
Q

what process do NSAIDS stop?

A

cyclooxygenase pathway producing prostaglandins

- so reduce pain, decrease vascular permeability, and may inhibit inflammatory response

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13
Q

Arachidonic acid derivatives?

A
  1. Lipoxygenase pathway -> leukotrienes

2. Cyclooxygenase pathway -> prostaglandins

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14
Q

What is the complement system

A

it is another inflammatory mediator in the plasma

- it is a system of proteins produced by the liver

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15
Q

Complement system actions

A
  • cell lysis (MAC)
  • increase vascular permeability
  • bronchospasm (histamine release)
  • neutrophil activation
  • chemotaxis
  • opsonization (makes bacteria more visible)
  • mast cell degranulation
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16
Q

Acute-phase response

A

it is a systemic manifestation of acute inflammation

  • leukocytes release cytokines which affect:
    1. the brain: produce fever, fatigue, malaise, shivering etc
    2. bone marrow: induces neutrophilia
    3. skeletal muscle: muscle catabolism causing amino acid release and muscle wasting
    4. liver: induce synthesis of acute phase proteins
17
Q

serous inflammation

A
  • earliest stage
  • watery
    eg. blisters, pneumonia
18
Q

Fibrinous inflammation

A
  • forms strings and becomes sticky and red
  • formation of fibrin
  • patched broken blood vessels
19
Q

purulent tracheobronchitis

A

white/yellow puss

20
Q

ulcerative inflammation

A

damage to mucous membrane therefore there is bleeding and an ulcer is formed

21
Q

Granulomatous inflammation

A

internal organ

- specialized area of chronic inflammation

22
Q

Pseudomembranous inflammation

A

fibrin sheet forms over ulcer

- usually occurs in GI tract

23
Q

Basic difference between resolution and healin

A 
Healing = replace damaged tissue with another type of tissue (not the same functionality, leads to scarring)
Resolution = replace damaged tissue with same type of tissue
24
Q

Tissues not capable of regeneration and only fibrous (scarring) repair

A
  • brain
  • cardiac muscle
  • skeletal muscle
25
Q

What is key for regeneration to take place

A

stem cells

26
Q

3 phases of wound healing

A
  1. inflammatory phase = neutralize harmful agents and remove debris
  2. Proliferative phase = building phase
  3. Remodeling phase
27
Q

what are fibroblasts

A
  • principle cells of connective tissue

- secrete ground substances and fibers of connective tissue

28
Q

Process of wound healing

A
  • damaged vessels leak blood and mast cells leak histamine
  • plasma seeps into wound carrying antibodies, WBC etc
  • scab forms and macrophages attract fibroblasts and clean up debris
  • formation of granulation tissue: angiogenesis, new collagen
  • macrophages and fibroblasts break down blood vessels, and connective tissue forms scar tissue
29
Q

Healing by first intention

A

small narrow wounds heal usually in less than a week and leave small scars

30
Q

Healing by second intention

A

large wounds have more inflammatory tissue and take several weeks to heal leaving larger scars

31
Q

What is granulation tissue

A

new vascular and connective tissue

32
Q

Keloid

A

when scarring is beyond edges of injured area and keeps growing
-more likely in people with darker skin

33
Q

Cantractures

A

scar tissue tightening -> eg. In arm around a joint leading to movement disorders

NURS 1103 (9 decks)

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