Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 273 > Unit 6; Immune System > Flashcards

Unit 6; Immune System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three major functions of the immune system

A

protecting the body
removes dead/damaged tissue and cells
tries to recognize and remove abnormal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are examples of microbes

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are examples of parasites

A

worms, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are pathologies

A

diseases of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 main pathologies

A
  1. incorrect response
  2. overactive response
  3. lack of response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does incorrect response lead to

A

autoimmunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does overactive response lead to

A

allergies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does lack of response lead to

A

immunodeficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Are bacteria intra or extracellular

A

both!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

prokaryotic: no organelles, just a cell with a membrane and a cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Do bacteria need to be inside the host to reproduce

A

no, they can reproduce outside the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of drugs kill bacteria

A

antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Are viruses intra or extracellular

A

intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Are viruses cells?

A

no, just a nucleic acid with a protein coat (cannot reproduce alone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of drugs kill viruses

A

antivirals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do viruses attack

A

insert themselves into cell and the viral nucleic acid takes over the cells nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why are immune system organs called lymphoid organs

A

they contain lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the difference between interstitial fluid and lymph

A

just different names!
- interstitial fluid when in the tissues
- lymph when in the lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are regions outside of the lymphoid organs called

A

periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two classifications of lymphoid organs

A

primary and secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs

A

organs where lymphocytes developed
- bone marrow (all blood cells) (B cells mature here)
- thymus (T cells mature here)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs

A

organs where lymphocytes interact and initiate responses
- spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of secondary lymphoid organs

A

filter blood and lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do afferent lymph vessels do

A

bring lymphocytes from periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do efferent lymph vessels do

A

keep lymphocytes circulating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the pulp inside lymph nodes for

A

mixing of lymphocytes and other leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What three things do arteries and veins supply the body with

A

nutrients, O2, and non-lymphocytic leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What lymphoid organs are encapsulated

A

spleen and lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What lymphoid organs are not encapsulated, therefore capable of diffusion

A

tonsils and GALT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 6 main types of leukocytes

A
  1. eosinophils
  2. basophils
  3. neutrophils
  4. monocytes
  5. lymphocytes
  6. dendritic cells

**remember NLMEB + D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the categories that leukocytes can correspond with

A

granulocytes, phagocytes, cytotoxic cells, and APCs (antigen-presenting cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are granulocytes

A

have prominent cytoplasmic granules
- eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils (and mast cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are phagocytes

A

can engulf and ingest pathogens
- neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells (and monocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are cytotoxic cells

A

killer of other cells (even self cells)
- eosinophils, and some lymphocytes (cytotoxic T and natural killer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are APCs (antigen-presenting cells)

A

display fragments of pathogens on cell surface
- some lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are antigens

A

substances recognized by an antibody and induces the immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are antibodies

A

proteins that bind specifically to antigens and target pathogens for destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Eosinophils are what classification(s) of cell with what colour staining granules

A

cytotoxic granulocytes
- bright pink staining granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the lifespan of an eosinophil

A

6-12 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the role of eosinophils

A

defence against parasites and allergens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where are eosinophils found

A

digestive tract, lungs, genital tract, and skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How do eosinophils respond

A

bind to an antibody-coated parasite and degranulate (spew granule contents) which kills the parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Basophils are what classification of cell with what colour staining granules

A

granulocytes
- dark blue staining granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where are basophils found

A

in blood (rare in numbers), mast cells in tissue
- found in digestive tract, lungs, and skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What do the granules of basophils contain

A

histamine, heparin, and cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are basophils for

A

allergic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What classification of cell are neutrophils

A

phagocytic granulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the lifespan of a neutrophil

A

1-2 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the most abundant leukocyte

A

neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What do the granules of neutrophils contain

A

cytokines that cause fever and inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Monocytes are precursor cells of tissue ______________ and are _________ in the blood

A

macrophages, uncommon in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Monocytes move to the __________ to become _________________

A

move to tissues to become macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are macrophages

A

amoeboid cells that function as scavengers by phagocytosing old RBCs and dead neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What type of immunity do monocytes play a role in

A

adaptive immunity
- phagocytosed pathogens are digested, and fragments are placed on the cell surface (APCs)
- that’s why macrophages are called big eaters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What type of immunity do lymphocytes contribute to

A

adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How much of lymphocytes are actually in circulation

A

5%, the rest are in lymphoid tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocyte

A

T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are B cells called when activated

A

plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are dendritic cells

A

phagocytic antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What type of cell has long thin processes (like dendrites on neurons)

A

dendritic cells (think of the similarity in the name)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Where are dendritic cells found

A

skin and other organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells

A

engulf pathogens and present their markers on the cell surface, then they travel to secondary lymphoid organs to present the antigens to lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is hematopoiesis guided by

A

cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What type of cell do all specialized cells come from

A

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Where are B cells produced and matured

A

produced and matured in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Why are B cells called B cells

A

derived from research in chickens

67
Q

What is important about B cells

A

produce antibodies (can be found on the cell surface as receptors or as free antibodies in the plasma)

68
Q

Where are T cells produced and matured

A

produced in the bone marrow, matured in the thymus

69
Q

Why are T cells called T cells

A

mature in the thymus (T for thymus)

70
Q

What is important about T cells

A

use contact-dependant signalling via T-cell receptor on the T-cell membrane
- can only bind to MHC-antigen complexes (not free Ag)

71
Q

What does MHC stand for

A

major histocompatibility complex

72
Q

What are MHCs

A

proteins expressed on the surface of cells that display “self-antigens” and “non-self antigens”

73
Q

Who would have identical sets of MHCs

A

identical twins

74
Q

What are class one MHCs

A

found on all nucleated cells
- can display self or non-self antigens

75
Q

What are class two MHCs

A

found only on APCs

76
Q

What type of MHC do APCs have

A

class one and class two

77
Q

What happens when an MHC is infected

A

display antigens on class 1 instead of class 2

78
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of T cell

A

cytotoxic, helper, and regulatory
(Tc, Th, Treg)

79
Q

What are cytotoxic T cells

A

recognize antigens on class 1 MHCs and kills the cell

80
Q

What are helper T cells

A

recognize antigens present on class 2 MHCs and promote differentiation of B cells/T cells (+ activate macrophages)

81
Q

What are regulatory T cells

A

recognize antigens on class 2 MHCs and suppress other immune cells to prevent excessive immune responses

82
Q

What’re the 4 steps when a foreign invader enters

A

detect and identify the pathogen, communicate with other cells, recruitment of help and coordination of the response, destruction or suppression of the invader

83
Q

What do cytokines do

A

affect the growth and activity of other cells

84
Q

Which type of immunity is more rapid, and less specific

A

innate

85
Q

Which type of immunity is slower, but more specific

A

adaptive

86
Q

What is a hallmark of innate immunity

A

inflammation

87
Q

What are the two categories of adaptive immunity

A

cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity

88
Q

What is the first line of defence in innate immunity

A

skin (physical barriers)

89
Q

What is the second line of defence in innate immunity

A

patrolling or stationary leukocytes & blood proteins

90
Q

What is the majority of innate immune system cells

A

phagocytes

91
Q

How do phagocytes attract other cells

A

release cytokines

92
Q

Chemicals that attract other immune cells are called….

A

chemotaxis

93
Q

What type of cells are attracted by chemotaxins

A

cytokines and other immune blood proteins
products of tissue injury
bacterial products

94
Q

What is extraversion

A

when phagocytes leave circulation and enter the tissue through capillary walls

95
Q

What is opsonization

A

when blood proteins bind to a pathogen to “tag” it
- happens when a pathogen doesn’t have surface features that a phagocyte can recognize

96
Q

What is the blood protein that tags pathogens

A

opsonin

97
Q

What is a phagosome

A

name for the vesicle formed when a pathogen is ingested

98
Q

Once the phagocyte (with ingested pathogen) fuses with a lysosome, it is called…

A

phagolysosome

99
Q

What is pus

A

when dead phagocytes, tissue fluids, and debris collect at the site of injury

100
Q

What lymphocyte is associated with innate immunity instead of adaptive

A

natural killer cells

101
Q

What is the purpose of NK cells

A

initiate apoptosis in pathogen-infected cells

102
Q

What important cytokines are produced by NK cells

A

interferons

103
Q

What are interferons

A

interfere with viral replication

104
Q

IFN a and b induce…

A

antiviral state in nearby cells (signal to other cells that there is a virus present)

105
Q

IFN y…

A

activates macrophages and other immune cells

106
Q

What does inflammation do to capillaries

A

increases capillary permeability

107
Q

What interleukin mediates the inflammatory response

A

IL-1

108
Q

What are the functions of IL-1

A
  • act on endothelial cells lining the blood vessels
  • act on liver cells to produce blood proteins involving damage control
  • induce fever
  • stimulate cytokine production
109
Q

What are complement proteins

A

cascade of events that occurs in innate immunity by blood proteins

110
Q

What are complement proteins activated by

A

sequential proteolysis

111
Q

What do complement proteins subsequently form

A

MAC attack (membrane attack complex)

112
Q

What is the MAC attack

A

makes holes in the pathogen membrane, which allows ions to enter and lyses the pathogen, killing it

113
Q

What are other terms for adaptive immunity

A

acquired or specific immunity

114
Q

What cells are involved in adaptive immunity

A

T cells and B cells

115
Q

All lymphocytes produce:

A

cytokines

116
Q

What does it mean to expand clonally

A

make identical copies of itself and multiply to create an “army”

117
Q

What is specificity

A

each cell recognizes a different specific pathogen

118
Q

What are naïve cells

A

don’t know things… have never seen its particular antigen (body has never had its particular infection)

119
Q

Once a pathogen has recognized its pathogen, it is no longer naïve, it is an ______________ cell

A

effector

120
Q

What cells produce the antibodies needed in antibody-mediated immunity

A

B cells

121
Q

What is an interchangeable term for antibodies

A

immunoglobulins

122
Q

Where can antibodies lie

A

plasma or cell membrane protein of B lymphocytes

123
Q

When activated, B cells become…

A

plasma cells

124
Q

At which response level is there a delayed response period

A

primary response (on first exposure)

125
Q

What is IgM

A

produced during primary response: activates compliment

126
Q

What is IgA

A

found in secretions

127
Q

What is IgD

A

were not sure what its function is

128
Q

What is IgG

A

produced in secondary responses: recognized by mast cells

129
Q

What is IgE

A

allergic responses

130
Q

Where are the antigen binding sites on an antibody

A

on the fragment antigen binding region (Fab)

131
Q

What part of the antibody determines which type of immunoglobulin the antibody belongs to

A

the stem (Fc region)

132
Q

What is the hinge region on an antibody

A

between the Fc and the Fab regions on the antibody

133
Q

Antibodies make up ___% of proteins found in plasma

A

20%

134
Q

Do antibodies attack the pathogens themselves

A

no, they make pathogens more visible to immune cells to be destroyed

135
Q

What are the 7 antibody functions

A
  1. act as opsonins
  2. caused antigen clumping
  3. neutralize bacterial toxins
  4. activate compliment
  5. activate B cells
  6. activate antibody-dependant immunity
  7. activate mast cells to degranulate
136
Q

Can T cells bind to free antibodies

A

no, must bind to antigens presented on the MHC receptor

137
Q

What is the purpose of class 1 MHCs

A

defend against pathogens inside the cell

138
Q

What do class 1 MHCs release

A

perforin and granzymes

139
Q

What is perforin

A

formes pores in target cell (think perforate)

140
Q

What are granzymes

A

enter through the pores (perforin) and trigger apoptosis

141
Q

Tc cells can also express the ________ ligand to kill a target cell

A

Fas (on antibody)

142
Q

What is the purpose of class 2 MHCs

A

defend against extracellular pathogens

143
Q

How do helper T cells respond to class 2 MHCs

A

secreting cytokines that activate other immune cells

144
Q

How do regulatory T cells respond to class 2 MHCs

A

secreting cytokines that suppress other immune cells

145
Q

What are the 4 different responses of the 2 immunity types

A
  1. extracellular
  2. intracellular
  3. allergic
  4. foreign tissue
146
Q

Bacterial invasion often results in the __________________ response

A

inflammatory

147
Q

When complement proteins are activated by bacterial cell wall components, what do they act as

A

chemotaxins, MAC attack, and opsonins

148
Q

What occurs in the response to bacterial invasion

A
  • complement proteins activated
  • phagocytes produce cytokines and activated cells produce antigens
  • cytokines are secreted by B and helper T cells
  • B cells clonally expand (becoming plasma cells)
  • most cells die at end, but some become memory
149
Q

Phagocytes and antibodies ___________ & __________ viruses on first exposure

A

opsonize and neutralize

150
Q

What occurs in response to viral infection

A
  • infected host cell produces IFNb and macrophages produce IFNa (antiviral state in nearby cells)
  • cytokines secreted from host cells and macrophages activate NK and cytotoxic T cells
  • T cells recognize viral peptides on class 1 MHCs and kill it
  • perforin and granzymes induce apoptosis
151
Q

For viruses that turn off the class 1 MHC expression, what happens

A

NK cells kill any cell without class 1 MHCs, therefore it is killed anyway

152
Q

Allergic responses, or hypersensitivities, happen in what two types

A

immediate hypersensitivity and delayed-type hypersensitivity

153
Q

What mediates immediate hypersensitivity

A

antibodies

154
Q

What mediates delayed type hypersensitivity

A

T cells and macrophages

155
Q

What happens in response to allergens

A

sensitization phase: equivalent to primary immune response
- antigen ingested by APC, activates helper T cells
- helper T cells activate B cells to make IgE
- helper T cells and B cells become memory cells

re-exposure phase: equivalent to secondary immune response
- IgE on mast cells recognizes allergen
- mast cells degranulate releasing histamine and cytokines, resulting in inflammatory response

156
Q

What is another term for MHC

A

human leukocyte antigens (HLA)

157
Q

How does transplantation work in relation to HLA

A

if the recipient and the donor have the same HLA type, the transplantation is possible

158
Q

What are the two negative outcomes of a transplant

A

rejection of host by the donor tissue: graft vs host
rejection of donor tissue by host: host vs graft

159
Q

What is a common example of tissue donation

A

blood transfusion

160
Q

Do RBCs contain MHCs

A

no, remember RBCs have no nucleus, and MHCs present on only nucleated cells

161
Q

If the wrong type of blood is introduced, what happens

A

blood rejects and agglutinate (clump)
- this is dangerous in the body cause blood clots can lead to a number of health defects

162
Q

If people express antibodies for blood types that they do NOT have, what would a person with type A blood present

A

anti-B antibodies

163
Q

Antibody binding of blood would cause activation of complement, which would lead to…

A

MAC attack; cells lyse, which would kill blood cells

Bio 273 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions