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Bio 273 > Unit 1: Intro to physiology > Flashcards

Unit 1: Intro to physiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, & neural

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2
Q

which tissue type has the most extensive ECM

A

connective

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3
Q

components of connective tissue ECM

A

proteoglycans, collagen, fibronectin, and elastin

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4
Q

What are the 5 types of connective tissue

A

Loose, dense, adipose, blood, supporting

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5
Q

What does adipose tissue contain

A

adipocytes

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6
Q

What does the blood tissue lack compared to other types

A

lacking insoluble protein fibers

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7
Q

What are examples of supporting tissues

A

cartilage and bone

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8
Q

What type of tissue binds and supports the rest of the tissue types in the body

A

connective tissues

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9
Q

What’s another term for adipose tissue

A

fat tissue

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10
Q

What is the ECM of blood mainly composed of

A

water (very watery, loose in consistency)

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11
Q

What type of connective tissue has the most extensive ECM

A

supporting (the other side of the consistency spectrum compared to blood which is mainly water)

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12
Q

What do all three types of muscle tissue have in common

A

contraction

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13
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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14
Q

Why is cardiac muscle important for life

A

moves blood around the body and maintains function of the cardiovascular system

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15
Q

Why is skeletal muscle important for life

A

moves joints and body parts voluntarily to allow proper body function

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16
Q

Why is smooth muscle important for life

A

moves substances in/out of the body involuntarily (ie. food & nutrients in the digestive system)

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17
Q

Is there a lot of ECM in neural tissues

A

no, very little

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18
Q

What are the two types of cell in neural tissue

A

neurons and glial cells

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19
Q

What is a neuron

A

carries information and signals via electrical impulses to target cells for bodily function

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20
Q

What are glial cells

A

supportive cells that assist neurons in signal relaying

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21
Q

What are the 10 major systems in the body

A

nervous, circulatory, reproductive, immune, urinary, musculoskeletal, respiratory, endocrine, digestive, & integumentary

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22
Q

What does the term function mean from a physiological standpoint

A

the function of the system is the “why” factor

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23
Q

What does the term mechanism mean from a physiological standpoint

A

the mechanism is the “how” factor

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24
Q

What is the relationship between function and mechanism

A

physiologists study the mechanism to determine the function of a system

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25
Q

What is the key concept in physiology

A

homeostasis

26
Q

How is homeostasis achieved

A

the interrelating functions of each system of the body to maintain internal stability

27
Q

Result of homeostatic activity is the result of ________ around a set point

A

oscillation

28
Q

What is acclimatization

A

environmentally induced change in physiological function with no genetic change

29
Q

How can interruption of homeostasis be negative

A

can cause disease or illness

30
Q

What is an example of change in set point that alters the oscillation point around a set point

A

moderate changes in body temp throughout the day - not one set temp

31
Q

What are the 4 basic mechanisms of cell-cell communication

A

gap junctions, contact-dependant, local, and long range

32
Q

Which cell communication type is the direct type of communication

A

gap-junctions

33
Q

Where are contact-dependant cells found

A

found in immune cells

34
Q

How does local signalling work

A

via paracrine and autocrine signals

35
Q

What is an example of a local signalling molecule

A

histamine

36
Q

What are autocrines

A

Chemicals that act on the cell that produces them (review DSM question)

37
Q

What is histamine

A

an example of a paracrine signal molecule - vasodilator

38
Q

How does local signalling work

A

chemicals (paracrine signals) secreted by cells act on direct neighbouring cells

39
Q

Where is long-distance communication used in the body

A

nervous and endocrine systems

40
Q

What are examples of chemical/electrical signals used by the nervous system in long distance signalling

A

neurotransmitters and neurohormones

41
Q

What are examples of chemical signals used by the endocrine system in long-distance communication

A

hormones

42
Q

How are signals specific to the target and not responsive to all cells

A

target cells have specific receptors that bind to the signalling molecules and relay the signal internally

43
Q

What is physical makeup of target cell receptors

A

trans-membrane protein or glycoprotein

44
Q

What are the three domains of a target cell receptor

A

extracellular, intracellular, and trans-membrane (review DSM question and image)

45
Q

Which determines the signal produced; the signal and/or the receptor

A

both

46
Q

What is local control in relation to homeostasis

A

the effects exerted onto neighbouring cells

47
Q

What is reflex control in relation to homeostasis

A

reaction in one or more organs, or even organ systems, by a signal from elsewhere in the body

48
Q

What is stability a result of

A

balance between input and output

49
Q

How does negative feedback looping work

A

a variable that has previously strayed from origin via a signal is returned to its original place via the opposition or removal of said signal

50
Q

How does positive feedback looping work

A

a variable is moved further and further from origin via a signal reinforcing the stimulus until external signalling turns the response off

51
Q

What is an example of a negative feedback loop

A

blood pressure

52
Q

What is an example of a positive feedback loop

A

labour

53
Q

How is homeostasis impacted by positive vs negative feedback loops

A

negative - oscillation occurs
positive - system is temporarily sent out of control

54
Q

What is feedforward control

A

anticipatory control (like smell, sight, & thought of food) that predicts a change is about to occur & kickstarts the response loop to prevent the change

55
Q

What does the term agonist mean

A

molecule that mimics the primary ligand and causes the same response in the target cell

56
Q

What are the two types of signal molecules that cause response in the cell via a receptor

A

primary ligand and agonists - different molecules with the same function (primary ligand is the actual signal molecule, agonist is a separate molecule that happens to have the same affect)

57
Q

What is circadian rhythm

A

the 24 hour internal cycle/pattern that allows the sleep-wake cycle to occur daily

58
Q

Using the example of touching a hot pan, what is the signal response

A

stimulus - hot pan touches nerve endings
sensor - nerve endings pick up the signal (afferent) and move it to the integrating centre
integrating center - figures out what to do with info received and sends a signal out (efferent)
target - in this case, skeletal muscle cells (to move the hand away by contracting muscles)
response - hand is moved away from the hot pan

59
Q

What is the basic sequence of negative feedback loops

A

stimulus to response - with the removal of the stimulus there is no longer a response

60
Q

What is the basic sequence of positive feedback loops

A

initial stimulus to response - response increases stimulus which reinforces response, in a continuous loop

61
Q

Which type of feedback loop is NOT homeostatic

A

positive feedback loop

Bio 273 (8 decks)

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