Unit 1: Intro to physiology Flashcards
4 types of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, & neural
which tissue type has the most extensive ECM
connective
components of connective tissue ECM
proteoglycans, collagen, fibronectin, and elastin
What are the 5 types of connective tissue
Loose, dense, adipose, blood, supporting
What does adipose tissue contain
adipocytes
What does the blood tissue lack compared to other types
lacking insoluble protein fibers
What are examples of supporting tissues
cartilage and bone
What type of tissue binds and supports the rest of the tissue types in the body
connective tissues
What’s another term for adipose tissue
fat tissue
What is the ECM of blood mainly composed of
water (very watery, loose in consistency)
What type of connective tissue has the most extensive ECM
supporting (the other side of the consistency spectrum compared to blood which is mainly water)
What do all three types of muscle tissue have in common
contraction
What are the three types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Why is cardiac muscle important for life
moves blood around the body and maintains function of the cardiovascular system
Why is skeletal muscle important for life
moves joints and body parts voluntarily to allow proper body function
Why is smooth muscle important for life
moves substances in/out of the body involuntarily (ie. food & nutrients in the digestive system)
Is there a lot of ECM in neural tissues
no, very little
What are the two types of cell in neural tissue
neurons and glial cells
What is a neuron
carries information and signals via electrical impulses to target cells for bodily function
What are glial cells
supportive cells that assist neurons in signal relaying
What are the 10 major systems in the body
nervous, circulatory, reproductive, immune, urinary, musculoskeletal, respiratory, endocrine, digestive, & integumentary
What does the term function mean from a physiological standpoint
the function of the system is the “why” factor
What does the term mechanism mean from a physiological standpoint
the mechanism is the “how” factor
What is the relationship between function and mechanism
physiologists study the mechanism to determine the function of a system
What is the key concept in physiology
homeostasis
How is homeostasis achieved
the interrelating functions of each system of the body to maintain internal stability
Result of homeostatic activity is the result of ________ around a set point
oscillation
What is acclimatization
environmentally induced change in physiological function with no genetic change
How can interruption of homeostasis be negative
can cause disease or illness
What is an example of change in set point that alters the oscillation point around a set point
moderate changes in body temp throughout the day - not one set temp
What are the 4 basic mechanisms of cell-cell communication
gap junctions, contact-dependant, local, and long range
Which cell communication type is the direct type of communication
gap-junctions
Where are contact-dependant cells found
found in immune cells
How does local signalling work
via paracrine and autocrine signals
What is an example of a local signalling molecule
histamine
What are autocrines
Chemicals that act on the cell that produces them (review DSM question)
What is histamine
an example of a paracrine signal molecule - vasodilator
How does local signalling work
chemicals (paracrine signals) secreted by cells act on direct neighbouring cells
Where is long-distance communication used in the body
nervous and endocrine systems
What are examples of chemical/electrical signals used by the nervous system in long distance signalling
neurotransmitters and neurohormones
What are examples of chemical signals used by the endocrine system in long-distance communication
hormones
How are signals specific to the target and not responsive to all cells
target cells have specific receptors that bind to the signalling molecules and relay the signal internally
What is physical makeup of target cell receptors
trans-membrane protein or glycoprotein
What are the three domains of a target cell receptor
extracellular, intracellular, and trans-membrane (review DSM question and image)
Which determines the signal produced; the signal and/or the receptor
both
What is local control in relation to homeostasis
the effects exerted onto neighbouring cells
What is reflex control in relation to homeostasis
reaction in one or more organs, or even organ systems, by a signal from elsewhere in the body
What is stability a result of
balance between input and output
How does negative feedback looping work
a variable that has previously strayed from origin via a signal is returned to its original place via the opposition or removal of said signal
How does positive feedback looping work
a variable is moved further and further from origin via a signal reinforcing the stimulus until external signalling turns the response off
What is an example of a negative feedback loop
blood pressure
What is an example of a positive feedback loop
labour
How is homeostasis impacted by positive vs negative feedback loops
negative - oscillation occurs
positive - system is temporarily sent out of control
What is feedforward control
anticipatory control (like smell, sight, & thought of food) that predicts a change is about to occur & kickstarts the response loop to prevent the change
What does the term agonist mean
molecule that mimics the primary ligand and causes the same response in the target cell
What are the two types of signal molecules that cause response in the cell via a receptor
primary ligand and agonists - different molecules with the same function (primary ligand is the actual signal molecule, agonist is a separate molecule that happens to have the same affect)
What is circadian rhythm
the 24 hour internal cycle/pattern that allows the sleep-wake cycle to occur daily
Using the example of touching a hot pan, what is the signal response
stimulus - hot pan touches nerve endings
sensor - nerve endings pick up the signal (afferent) and move it to the integrating centre
integrating center - figures out what to do with info received and sends a signal out (efferent)
target - in this case, skeletal muscle cells (to move the hand away by contracting muscles)
response - hand is moved away from the hot pan
What is the basic sequence of negative feedback loops
stimulus to response - with the removal of the stimulus there is no longer a response
What is the basic sequence of positive feedback loops
initial stimulus to response - response increases stimulus which reinforces response, in a continuous loop
Which type of feedback loop is NOT homeostatic
positive feedback loop
