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PreAP Biology-Walters > Unit 6 - Human Systems > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Human Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones that make up the “appendages” (arms & legs) and the bones that support the arms & legs (shoulder and pelvis)

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2
Q

axial skeleton

A

bones that make up the head and neck and core (ribs, sternum, cranium)

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3
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary muscle that lines the organs

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4
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary muscle that makes up the heart

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5
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary muscle that is attached to the bones

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6
Q

tendon

A

connects bone to muscle

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7
Q

ligament

A

connects bone to bone

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8
Q

systemic circulation

A

blood is pumped throughout the body

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9
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

blood pumped from heart to lungs

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10
Q

dorsal

A

toward the back of an organism; used in dissection

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11
Q

anterior

A

towards the head of the an organism

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12
Q

posterior

A

towards the bottom/rear of an organism

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13
Q

ventral

A

towards the abdomen/stomach of an organism

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14
Q

peristalsis

A

involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive system

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15
Q

endocrine gland

A

gland that releases substances/hormones directly into the bloodstream

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16
Q

exocrine gland

A

gland that releases substances/hormones through ducts to the organs

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17
Q

gallbladder

A

organ near the liver that stores bile

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18
Q

vaccination

A

injection of a weakened or dead virus to stimulate the immune system

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19
Q

antibiotic

A

drug or natural substance that can attach and destroy certain microorganisms

20
Q

pathogen

A

a disease producing agent

21
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted into a from useful for living things by bacteria located at the roots of plants

22
Q

saprobe

A

type of organism (like a bacteria) that lives off the nutrients of dead material
AKA decomposer

23
Q

endospore

A

bacterium forms this by producing a thick internal wall that encloses DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm

24
Q

conjugation

A

form of sexual reproduction in bacteria and process that involves an exchange of genetic information

25
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproduction in bacteria

26
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

organism that can survive with or without oxygen

27
Q

capsid

A

protein coat that protects nucleic acid in a virus

28
Q

obligate anaerobe

A

organism that lives only without oxygen

29
Q

inflammatory response

A

a reaction of the immune system to help the body; example is a fever or swelling

30
Q

obligate aerobe

A

organism that must have a constant supply of oxygen

31
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

Koch was a scientist that came up with a set of criteria that established that a particular agent causes a disease

32
Q

T-cells

A

HIV factory; type of blood cell that HIV destroys

33
Q

viroid

A

noncellular particle that is made up of a single strand of RNA that causes diseases in plants; lacks a protein coat

34
Q

virus

A

noncellular particle made up of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a protein that can invade living cells

35
Q

prion

A

noncellular particle made up of only a protein (no genetic material); only causes diseases in animals

36
Q

coccus

A

spherical shaped bacteria

37
Q

bacillus

A

rod shaped bacteria

38
Q

antigen

A

a foreign molecule that elicits an immune response

39
Q

antibody

A

protein that reacts with a foreign substance

40
Q

prophage

A

viral DNA attached to a bacterial chromosome

41
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

process in which viral DNA is inserted into the DNA of a host cell where it can remain for many generations before becoming active

42
Q

lytic cycle

A

process in which a host cell is invaded, lysed, and destroyed by a virus

43
Q

bacteriophage

A

virus that invades bacteria

44
Q

spirillum

A

spiral shaped bacteria

45
Q

negative feedback

A

process when your body needs to slow down or stop your systems from something that is happening. EX. sweating…. your body’s reaction to your body temperature rising; regulating blood sugar (insulin)

46
Q

positive feedback

A

process when your body amplifies the action of a system. EX. child birth or blood clotting

PreAP Biology-Walters (7 decks)

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