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PreAP Biology-Walters > Unit 2-Cell Cycle, Protein Synthesis, DNA > Flashcards

Unit 2-Cell Cycle, Protein Synthesis, DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

codon

A

series of 3 bases in a strand of DNA or mRNA; codes for an amino acid

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2
Q

anticodon

A

series of 3 bases in a strand of tRNA

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3
Q

mitosis

A

process by which the nucleus of a cell is divided into two nuclei, each with the same number of chromosomes

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4
Q

cytokinesis

A

process where a cells cytoplasm is divided; happens at the end of telophase

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5
Q

spindle fiber

A

football shaped structure that aides in the movement of chromosomes

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6
Q

cell division

A

process that makes two distinct identical cells

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7
Q

sister chromatids

A

one of two distinct strands that make up a chromosome

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8
Q

centromere

A

structure that holds together pairs of chromatids

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9
Q

replication

A

DNA makes a copy of itself; happens in the S-phase of interphase

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10
Q

interphase

A

The time between cell divisions; not part of mitosis but is part of the cell cycle; divided into 3 parts- G1, S, and G2

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11
Q

prophase

A

first phase of mitosis; chromosomes become visible, nuclear membrane disappears, spindle fibers form

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12
Q

metaphase

A

2nd phase of mitosis; chromosomes line up across the equator (middle) of the cell

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13
Q

anaphase

A

3rd phase of mitosis; centromeres split and separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell

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14
Q

telophase

A

last phase of mitosis; nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes unwind, spindle fibers dissappear

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15
Q

cytosine

A

pairs with guanine; a nitrogenous base in DNA or RNA

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16
Q

guanine

A

pairs with cytosine; a nitrogenous base in DNA or RNA

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17
Q

adenine

A

pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA

18
Q

thymine

A

pairs with adenine in DNA (no T in RNA)

19
Q

uracil

A

pairs with adenine in RNA (no U in RNA)

20
Q

centriole

A

in animal cells only; aids in mitosis- organelle that produces the spindle fibers

21
Q

double helix

A

twisted ladder shape of DNA formed by 2 separate nucleotides

22
Q

nucleotide

A

monomer of a nucleic acid; made up of a sugar, a phosphate group and a base

23
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

24
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA; copies info on a strand of DNA in the nucleus of a cell and takes it to the ribosome

25
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA; copies info from mRNA in the cytoplasm near the ribosome

26
Q

cell cycle

A

period of the beginning of one mitosis to the beginning of the next; includes interphase (G1,S,G2) and mitosis (IPMAT)

27
Q

cancer

A

a cell that isn’t subject to normal cell cycle control mechanisms and will divide continuously

28
Q

chromatin

A

material in chromosomes that is composed of DNA and protein (called histone); long stringy strands of DNA

29
Q

base pairing

A

attraction between complementary nitrogenous bases

30
Q

G1 (growth phase 1 of interphase)

A

cell grows in size and carries on day to day life sustaining activities

31
Q

S (synthesis phase of interphase)

A

DNA replicates

32
Q

G2 (growth phase 2 of interphase)

A

cell grows in size & prepares to divide by duplicating its organelles

33
Q

point mutation

A

a change in a single base pair; usually only affects 1 amino acid; AKA substitution

34
Q

transcription

A

when mRNA is made by copying info from DNA in the nucleus of a cell

35
Q

intron

A

the portion of DNA that contains the heredity info; gets spliced out of the mRNA during transcription and stays IN the nucleus

36
Q

translation

A

when tRNA is made by copying info from mRNA; happens in the cytoplasm near the ribosome

37
Q

exon

A

the portion of DNA that codes for a protein; exits the nucleus on an mRNA strand

38
Q

frameshift mutation

A

an addition or deletion of a base in DNA; every amino acid after the mutation is affected

39
Q

histone

A

protein that DNA is wrapped around to make chromatin

40
Q

protein synthesis

A

process of making a protein by using the instructions on DNA; 3 steps- transcription, translation, and elongation

41
Q

amino acid

A

monomer of a protein; held together by peptide bonds

42
Q

ribosome

A

organelle made by the nucleolus that is the site of protein synthesis

PreAP Biology-Walters (7 decks)

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