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AP Biology > Unit 6: Gene Expression and Regulation > Flashcards

Unit 6: Gene Expression and Regulation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell

A

basic unit of all life

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2
Q

protein

A

complex structures made of a chain of amino acids folded together; used for structure, function, and regulation of cells

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3
Q

histone

A

proteins that DNA is wrapped around in

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4
Q

double helix

A

the structure of DNA

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5
Q

DNA Replication

A

process by which DNA is replicated in a cell

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6
Q

transcription

A

producing mRNA from DNA

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7
Q

translation

A

producing proteins from mRNA

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8
Q

gene

A

sections of DNA that code for proteins and associated traits

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9
Q

genetic engineering

A

use of biotechnology to maniplate an organism’s genome

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10
Q

nitrogenous base

A

serves as the main coding for DNA; includes A, T, U, C, and G

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11
Q

nucleotide

A

monomer of nucleic acids, containing a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

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12
Q

nucleic acid

A

genetic material formed from nucleotides that is either DNA or RNA

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13
Q

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

A

nucleic acid with only one helix with many functions as in mRNA, tRNA and rRNA

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14
Q

deoxyribose

A

5 carbon sugar found in DNA that is missing and oxygen

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15
Q

ribose

A

5 carbon sugar found in RNA

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16
Q

3’ end of DNA

A

end of DNA containing a hydroxyl (OH) group where new nucleotides are added

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17
Q

5’ end of DNA

A

end of DNA containing a phosphate group

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18
Q

DNA polymerase

A

builds new segments of DNA

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19
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that transcribes DNA to make mRNA strand

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20
Q

amino acid

A

monomer of proteins

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21
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

spliced product of DNA transcription that sends genetic information to ribosimes for protein synthesis

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22
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

RNA that attatches appropriate amino acids to make proteins

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23
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

structural RNA in the ribosome

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24
Q

semiconservative model of DNA replication

A

states that DNA replication occurs by the unwinding of it into two halves and then the adding of strands to both halves

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25
Q

replication fork

A

split structure formed during DNA replication on both sides of a replication bubble

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26
Q

template strand

A

strand that is “read off” of by RNA polymerase to transcribe a copy of the coding strand

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27
Q

antiparallel

A

two helices of DNA are parallel to each other but run in opposite directions

28
Q

helicase

A

enzyme that “unwinds DNA”

29
Q

topoisomerase

A

enzyme that holds DNA strands apart to tension in strands during replication

30
Q

ligase

A

glues okazaki fragments together

31
Q

introns

A

noncoding regions of pre mRNA that are spliced off

32
Q

exons

A

coding regions of pre mRNA that remain after splicing

33
Q

codon

A

three consecutive bases on mRNA that code for one amino acid

34
Q

splicing

A

the process of removing introns from pre mRNA to form a final mRNA product

35
Q

anticodon

A

three spots on a tRNA that go with a specific codon sequence on mRNA

36
Q

gene expression

A

process by which DNA codes for proteins

37
Q

operon

A

strand of DNA in prokaryotes required for enzyme production

38
Q

transcription factor

A

proteins that control whether a gene will be transcribed and to what extent it will be transcribed

39
Q

promoter

A

site on DNA where RNA polymerase can bind to start transcribing

40
Q

operator

A

“on and off” switch in prokaryote DNA that controls whether or not genes will be transcribed

41
Q

repressor

A

protein that attaches to the operator to block RNA polymerase from transcribing a gene

42
Q

regulatory gene

A

gene that codes for a repressor protein

43
Q

inducible operon

A

operon that is usually off but can be “induced” on

44
Q

repressable operon

A

operon that is usually on but can be “repressed” to turn off

45
Q

virus

A

pathogen with RNA that replicates only inside a living organism

46
Q

biotechnology

A

use of organisms or their components to produce useful products

47
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

method of sorting DNA

48
Q

DNA sequencing

A

figuring out the nucleotide sequence of DNA using DNA fragments

49
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

used for duplicating a DNA strand

50
Q

conjugation

A

exchange of plasmid genes between bacteria

51
Q

epigenetics

A

study of how traits and behaviors acquired through an organism’s lifetime can affect the traits of the offspring

52
Q

triploidy

A

an extra set of chromosomes

53
Q

cell differentiation (cell specialization)

A

how cells gain roles or functions in the body

54
Q

What structures are involved in passing hereditary information from one generation to the next?

A

DNA and sometimes RNA

55
Q

What characteristics of DNA allow it to be used as the hereditary material?

A

it has a specific nucleotide-based pairing that is conserved through evolution

56
Q

What are the mechanisms by which genetic information is copied for transmission between generations?

A

DNA replication

57
Q

What are the mechanisms by which genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein?

A

Transcription, splicing, and translation

58
Q

How is the phenotype of an organism determined by its genotype?

A

The genotype consists of genes that code for proteins which then make up your phenotype

59
Q

What types of interactions regulate gene expression?

A

In prokaryotes: regulatory genes, repressor proteins, promoter, operator, inducer
In eukaryotes: promoter (ex: TATA box), transcription factors (activators and repressors), terminators

60
Q

How does the location of regulatory sequences relate to their function?

A

Regulatory sequences are near the genes that they regulate, hence providing their function

61
Q

How does the binding of transcription factors to promoter regions affects gene expression and/or the phenotype of the organism?

A

transcription factors can either promote the transcription of a gene (activators) or inhibit the transcription of them (repressors), both of which make or stop making proteins that affect determine the phenotype of the organism

62
Q

What is the connection between the regulation of gene expression and phenotypic differences in cells and organisms?

A

regulation of gene expression determines whether proteins are made or not which determines the phenotype differences in organisms

63
Q

What are the various types of mutations?

A
  1. point mutations = change in a single nucleotide pair of a gene
  2. nucleotide substitution = wrong nucleotide is substituted for the original one
  3. frameshift mutation = shifts the entire nucleotide sequence by a few nucleotides
  4. insertion = adding nucleotides
  5. deletion = removing nucleotides
  6. nonsense mutation = mutation changes codon into a stop codon
  7. missense mutation = mutation changes codon to code for a different amino acid
  8. silent mutation = point mutation does not change the amino acid coded for
  9. duplication = nucleotide sequence is duplicated
  10. inversion = nucleotide sequence is inverted
  11. translocation = nucleotide sequence is transferred to another chromosome
64
Q

How do alterations in DNA sequences contribute to variation that can be subject to natural selection?

A

Mutations produce genetic diversity which either benefits the organisms or disbenefits them, which leads to natural selection on the favorable mutations

65
Q

What are the genetic engineering techniques in analyzing or manipulating DNA?

A

Gel electrophoresis = sorts DNA fragments by size
PCR = duplicates specific DNA fragments
DNA sequencing = determines the nucleotide sequence of the DNA

AP Biology (8 decks)

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