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AP Biology > Unit 5: Heredity > Flashcards

Unit 5: Heredity Flashcards

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1
Q

meiosis

A

process by which gametes are formed

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2
Q

gametes

A

sex cells (either sperm or egg)

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3
Q

diploid (2n)

A

two copies of the genome

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4
Q

haploid (n)

A

one copy of the genome

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5
Q

fertilization

A

combining of sperm and egg to form a zygote

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6
Q

zygote

A

diploid fertilized egg

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7
Q

chromosome

A

a single structure housing a single strand of DNA and associated proteins

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8
Q

chromatid

A

one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

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9
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

a pair of chromosomes, one from mom and one from dad, with similar contents of DNA and are the same size

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10
Q

crossing over

A

exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes

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11
Q

PMAT 1 (Meiosis 1)

A

first division in meiosis

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12
Q

PMAT 2 (Meiosis 2)

A

second division in meiosis

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13
Q

sexual reproduction

A

reproduction by meet of a sperm and an egg

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14
Q

daughter cell

A

cloned cell as a result of cell division

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15
Q

punnett square

A

a table used to find the possible results of crossing two genotypes together and the probabilities of obtaining those results

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16
Q

dominant

A

allele that is expressed in a genotype

17
Q

recessive

A

allele that is not expressed in a genotype

18
Q

allele

A

alternate form of a gene

19
Q

trait

A

feature or character of an organism

20
Q

law of segregation

A

equal probability for offspring to receive either allele from a parent

21
Q

law of independent assortment

A

traits from genes are independent and do not influence eachother

22
Q

heterozygous

A

different alleles

23
Q

homozygous

A

same alleles

24
Q

genotype

A

genes that you have

25
Q

phenotype

A

physical appearance due to genotype

26
Q

genetic linkage

A

genes on the same chromosome and are relatively nearby each other

27
Q

sex-linked trait

A

trait due to a gene on a sex chromosome

28
Q

incomplete dominance

A

both alleles blend if heterozygous

29
Q

complete dominance

A

recessive allele not shown if heterozygous

30
Q

codominance

A

both alleles are present on the phenotype seperately

31
Q

nondisjunction

A

failure of chromosomes to seperate

32
Q

How does meiosis result in the transmission of chromosomes from one generation to the next?

A

Meiosis produces gametes, which have chromosomes, and the gametes can fertilize with another individual’s gametes and their chromosomes and passion their chromosomes to the next generation offspring

33
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the phases and outcomes of mitosis and meiosis?

A

Similarities: both produce new cells

Differences: Mitosis produces diploid clone daughter cells and has only one division. It produces somatic cells. Meiosis has two divisions that produce haploid gametes.

34
Q

How does the process of meiosis generate genetic diversity?

A

Via crossing over, random fertilization, and independent assortment, meiosis and resulting fertilization produces offspring that are always genetically dissimilar from the parents, increasing genetic diversity

35
Q

How do shared, conserved, fundamental processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms?

A

All organisms share certain processes and features like DNA, metabolic processes, etc, so the common ancestor of all life must have had these processes and features

36
Q

How do Mendel’s laws describe the inheritance of genes and traits?

A

the law of segregation states that offspring have an equal probability to receive either allele from our parents
The law of independent assortment states that traits from genes are independent and do not influence each other

37
Q

What are the deviations from Mendel’s model of the inheritance of traits?

A

Examples include sex-linked traits, linked genes, incomplete dominance, codominance, epistasis (a gene affects the phenotypic expression of another), polygenic inheritance (many genes influence one phenotype), pleiotropy (one gene influences multiple phenotypes), and multiple alleles (many alleles for one gene)

38
Q

How can the same genotype result in multiple phenotypes under different environmental conditions?

A

An example is human height. Two individuals can have the same height initially, but different heights later depending on nutrition

AP Biology (8 decks)

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