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AP Biology > Unit 3: Cellular Energetics > Flashcards

Unit 3: Cellular Energetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all of an organism’s chemical reactions

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2
Q

catabolic reactions

A

chemical reactions that release energy by breaking down molecules

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3
Q

anabolic reactions

A

chemical reactions that consume energy by building larger molecules

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4
Q

spontaneous process

A

process that occurs on its own in an organism

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5
Q

free energy

A

energy of a system that is easily availiable work; denoted by G

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6
Q

endergonic reactions

A

nonspontaneous reactions that are not energetically favorable; consume energy; positive change in G

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7
Q

exergonic reactions

A

spontaneous reactions that are favorable; release energy; negative change in G

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8
Q

What are the three kinds of work that a cell does?

A

Chemical work
Transport work
Mechanical work

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9
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate; “energy currency” in the cell. When one of the phosphates is broken off, releases energy that can be used for work

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10
Q

What is ATP made of?

A

Adenine nucleotide
Ribose sugar
3 Phosphate groups

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11
Q

energy coupling

A

using energy from a exergonic reaction to power an energy-requiring endergonic reaction

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12
Q

phosphorylated intermediate

A

a molecule that has a phosphate attached to it from ATP and is unstable

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13
Q

catalyst

A

speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction

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14
Q

activation energy

A

the energy needed to weaken molecules enough so that their bonds can break

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15
Q

enzyme

A

protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

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16
Q

substrate

A

reactants that enzyme will act on

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17
Q

active site

A

parts where the substrate binds

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18
Q

products

A

final substances formed from the substrates

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19
Q

induced fit

A

the idea that the enzyme active site will change its shape so that it fits the substrate

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20
Q

What mechanisms does an enzyme use to lower activation energy?

A

Stressing and bending the chemical bonds
Provides an optimal environment for chemical reactions to take place
The active site directly binds to substrates and binds the substrates together

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21
Q

What factors affect enzyme function?

A

The initial concentration of substrate
pH
Temperature

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22
Q

cofactor

A

nonorganic substance that help enzymes function

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23
Q

coenzymes

A

organic substances that help enzymes function

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24
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

mimic substrate and fight for active site to inhibit enzyme

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25
Q

noncompetitive inhibitors

A

bind to another place on enzyme other than the active site to inhibit enzyme

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26
Q

allosteric regulation

A

enzyme’s function is inhibited via the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site other than the active site

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27
Q

allosteric activator

A

increases activity of enzyme

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28
Q

allosteric inhibitor

A

decrease the activity of an enzyme

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29
Q

cooperativity

A

when one substrate binds to one subunit of an enzyme, all other substrates have an affinity for that substrate

30
Q

feedback inhibition

A

when the product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the enzyme of the metabolic pathway

31
Q

cellular respiration

A

the process by which eukaryotic organisms turn glucose into ATP energy

32
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O

33
Q

redox reactions

A

chemical reactions where electrons are transferred between two substances

34
Q

reduction

A

gaining of electrons

35
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons

36
Q

reducing agent

A

substance that gives off electrons

37
Q

oxidizing agent

A

a substance that gains electrons

38
Q

electron carrier

A

substance that can hold electrons

39
Q

NAD+ and NADH

A

electron carrier in cellular respiration that holds one electron and one H+ proton

40
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen

41
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

set of ATP producing processes involving the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

42
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

ADP is phosphorylated into ATP

43
Q

glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucose into two pyruvates in the cytosol

44
Q

What are the two phases of glycolysis?

A

energy investment and energy payoff

45
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 net ATP, and 2 NADH

46
Q

How is pyruvate converted into acetyl COA?

A

CO2 is removed

pyruvate is oxidized by NAD+

47
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

converts pyruvate into acetyl COA

48
Q

citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

A

oxidizes acetyl COA into 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, ATP, and 2 CO2; runs twice per glucose, once per pyruvate

49
Q

chemiosmosis

A

movement of H+ ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondria through ATP synthase to form ATP

50
Q

electron transport chain

A

series of enzymes that break the transfer of electrons from NADH to Oxygen into several small steps, so that energy is not wasted in one explosive step and send H+ ions outside the matrix

51
Q

What happens during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

NADH and FADH2 release their electrons and protons into the electrons transport chain to power the transfer of H+ protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. The H+ protons flow back through ATP synthase producing ATP from ADP and organic Phosphate. The electrons then go to oxygen to form water using H+ ions as well. 30-32 ATP is produced per glucose

52
Q

fermentation

A

anaerobic metabolic reactions that give energy

53
Q

What is the electron acceptor in fermentation?

A

Pyruvate

54
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

glucose splits into pyruvate, and CO2 is removed from pyruvate to form acetaldehyde, which is reduced by NADH to form ethanol, recycling NAD+ to be used again. Produces 2 ATP every cycle

55
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

glucose split into 2 pyruvates, pyruvate reduced by NADH to form lactate, recycling NAD+ to be used again

56
Q

photosynthesis

A

formation of glucose using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide

57
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight energy —-> C6H12O6 + 6O2

58
Q

What happens in the light reactions in photosynthesis?

A
  1. light as photons strike chlorophyll in photosystem 2 in the light-harvesting complex, which is passed around from chlorophyll to chlorophyll until reaches the central chlorophyll a and excites electrons there.
  2. The excited electrons from chlorophyll a are transferred to the primary electron acceptor, which becomes reduced.
  3. H2O is split into 2H+, 1/2 O2, and electrons, (O2 is released as a by-product). The H and O are released into the thylakoid space.
  4. The electrons travel from PS2 to PS1 via the electron transport chain, releasing the electrons’ energy to form an H+ gradient.
  5. The H+ gradient makes ATP in chemiosmosis
  6. photons strike chlorophyll in PS1 exciting electrons until they reach the central chlorophyll of PS1.
  7. electrons transfer to NADP+ reductase reduce NADP+ into NADPH for the Calvin cycle.
59
Q

What happens in the calvin cycle?

A

ATP and NADPH energy are used in the process of fixing CO2 to a 5-carbon chain in a cycle to form glucose

60
Q

absorption spectrum

A

measures how well different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light

61
Q

action spectrum

A

measures how well photosynthesis works on different wavelengths of light

62
Q

photosystem

A

protein complex with a reaction center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes; where conversion of solar energy to chemical energy occurs

63
Q

light harvesting complex

A

harvests light using its numerous chlorophyll molecules. Photon light energy is passed from chlorophyll to chlorophyll until it reaches the central chlorophyll a

64
Q

reaction center complex

A

holds chlorophyll-a molecules as well as a primary electron acceptor

65
Q

primary electron acceptor

A

becomes reduced when receives electrons, completing the conversion of light energy to chemical energy

66
Q

What happens in the Calvin cycle?

A
  1. 3 CO2 are fixed to 3 RuBP (5-C sugar) by an enzyme called rubisco to make 3 6-carbon chains
  2. the 3 6-Carbon chains are broken into 6 3 carbon chains, which are then “zapped” by NADPH with electrons as well as being phosphorylated by ATP to form 6 G3P. One of these G3P goes to become glucose by attaching to another one from a second cycle.
  3. The other 5 G3P are recycled into 3 RuBP to complete the cycle
67
Q

C3 plant

A

direct organic product of carbon fixation is 3 carbon compound of G3P

68
Q

photorespiration

A

rubisco fixes O2 to RuBP rather than CO2 to RuBP, which can kill plants

69
Q

C4 plant

A

CO2 is first fixed to a 4-C sugar, which is broken down to 2 CO2 to then be used again in Calvin cycle

70
Q

CAM plant

A

at night, collect CO2, at day, release it and use it with ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle normally

AP Biology (8 decks)

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