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AP Biology > Unit 4: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Unit 4: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Target Cell

A

final destination cell for a ligand

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2
Q

Signal Amplification

A

the process by which a ligand signal is amplified via many relay proteins which can more quickly spread the signal out

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3
Q

negative feedback

A

cell response of inhibiting a particular action

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4
Q

cyclin

A

a molecule used to monitor and control the cell’s procress through the cell cycle

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5
Q

telophase

A

part of the cell cycle where the cell “tears”, the microtubules detatch, and the nucleus reforms

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6
Q

kinase

A

enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them

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7
Q

phosphorylation

A

adding a phosphate group to another molecule

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8
Q

secondary messenger

A

small, non-protein molecules that can transfer a signal throughout the cell

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9
Q

cell cycle

A

the life of a cell from creation to division

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10
Q

cancer

A

unregulated cell growth

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11
Q

cytokinesis

A

actual splitting of the cell

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12
Q

receptor

A

the protein that a ligand binds onto in order to send a signal to the cell

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13
Q

signal transduction

A

domino-effect resulting from ligand binding onto a receptor that relays a signal to the cell

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14
Q

response

A

the cell’s response to a signal

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15
Q

mitosis

A

process by which the cell chromosomes split into two cells

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16
Q

prophase

A

DNA condenses into chromosomes

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17
Q

interphase

A

G1, S, and G2 phases; where the cell spends most of its time

18
Q

gap 1 (G1) phase

A

initial growth of the cell

19
Q

synthesis (S) phase

A

duplication of genome

20
Q

gap 2 (G2) phase

A

futher growth and preparation for cell division

21
Q

ligand

A

molecule that binds to a receptor protein to initiate a signal transduction pathway

22
Q

feedback

A

response by the cell to encourage a particular activity

23
Q

metaphase

A

when the chromosomes “meet” in the middle and microtubules attatch to the chromosomes

24
Q

spindle fibers

A

microtubules released by the centrioles of the centrosome that pull apart the chromosomes in mitosis

25
Q

homeostasis

A

state of stability in a cell in multiple variables (temperature, salinity, etc)

26
Q

negative feedback

A

cell response of inhibiting a particular action

27
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids are pulled away from each other to opposite sides of the cell and cleavage furrow forms

28
Q

cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs)

A

an enzyme that utilizes cyclins to regulate the cell cycle

29
Q

In what ways can cells communicate with one another?

A

Local signaling:
autocrine (communication in the same cell), paracrine (nearby signaling), and juxtacrine (signaling by touching)

Long-distance signaling:
endocrine (hormones)

30
Q

What are the components of a signal transduction pathway, and what do they do?

A

Reception: receptor protein and ligand
Transduction: kinases, secondary messengers, protein phosphates, G-protein coupled receptors
Response: ribosomes, new proteins, feedback activation or inhibition

31
Q

What is the role of the environment in initiating a cellular response?

A

The changes in the environment in the form of new ligands prompt the cell to initiate an appropriate response

32
Q

What are the different types of cellular responses elicited by a signal transduction pathway?

A 
Molecular response (DNA expression or cytoplasmic response)
Cellular response
Physiological response (initiate symptoms)
33
Q

How does a change in the structure of any signaling molecule affects the activity of the signaling pathway?

A

any change to the ligand will deem it nonfunctional to its appropriate receptor protein, which will not signal an STP at all

34
Q

What positive and negative feedback mechanisms do we use to maintain homeostasis?

A

negative feedback mechanisms: stabilization around a set point
positive feedback mechanisms: amplification

35
Q

How does negative feedback maintain homeostasis?

A

By constantly making sure that a variable in the body is at a set point which is called homeostasis

36
Q

How does positive feedback maintain homeostasis?

A

by quickly amplifying a signal that benefits the body

37
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

38
Q

How does mitosis work?

A

Mitosis clones cells exactly so the chromosome composition is the same in each daughter cell.

39
Q

What is the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

Checkpoints are there to ensure that the cell is doing its job correctly and meeting its requirements. These are done by cyclins and CDKs.

40
Q

What happens if the cell cycle is disrupted?

A

The cell will go to the G_0 phase. If not, the cell will become cancerous.

AP Biology (8 decks)

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