Unit 6. Evolution Flashcards
Define evolution.
The biological change in populations over time
List the 4 principles of natural selection.
Overproduction, Variation, Adaptation, and Descent with modification
What is an adaptation?
A feature that allows organisms to survive in an environment
List 3 sources of genetic variation.
Random mutations, genetic recombination during meiosis (crossing over) and migration (gene flow)
Natural Selection acts on traits that are what?
Determined by a polygenic trait
Well-adapted individuals survive and produce what?
Offsprings
If the environment mice live in is light brown dirt, what type of selection would occur?
Natural Selection
If the environment mice live in is medium dirt, what type of selection would occur?
Natural selection
What type of selection would occur if the environment mice live in can be light dirt OR dark dirt? Explain how the environment affects survival.
Natural Selection. Environment reduces the number of organisms that actually survive the new conditions.
What is convergent evolution?
When unrelated species evolve similar characteristics because they live in the same environment
What is divergent evolution?
When species arise from one common ancestor, the environment causes differences to evolve in population
Which pattern of evolution results in slow change over time?
Gradualism
Explain the difference between what would cause gradual extinction vs. mass extinction.
Gradual extinction occurs at a slow rate, so climate change, and natural disasters. Mass extinction is what happens suddenly, so massive volcanoes, meteor, or tsunami.
What is an example of coevolution?
Where species affect each other’s evolution.
Who is better at surviving in changing environments – sexual reproducers or asexual reproducers? Explain.
Sexual reproducers because they produce a combination of genes in the offspring that make it easier to survive in the environment for them.
What is a homologous structure? List an example.
Similar structures that show evidence of common ancestry. (Ex. wings of bats)
What is an analogous structure? List an example.
Similar structures that evolved independently. (Ex. bats, birds, insects)
What field of science does a homologous and analogous structure come from?
Morphology. Study of the form of living things.
What is a vestigial structure? List an example.
Structures with little to no function to the organism. (Ex. wisdom teeth, embryo tails, etc)
What pattern of evolution do vestigial structures result from?
What is paleontology?
The study of pre-historic life through fossils
How does paleontology provide evidence for evolution?
Fossils prove evidence of the evolutionary history in organisms.
What is biogeography?
The study of the distribution of organisms.
How does biogeography provide evidence for evolution?
By showing the actual changed in the species due to their environment.
What is embryology?
The study of embryo development
How does embryology provide evidence for evolution?
The similarities in early development suggests common ancestry which proves evolution
What two macromolecules are studied in biochemistry to provide evidence for evolution?
DNA and proteins
Carolus Linnaeus came up with a two-name naming system for organisms called?
Binomial Nomenclature
List two things a phylogenetic tree can show you.
Which groups were most closely related, and which group diverged first (longest ago)
