Unit 5. Heredity

Question 1

Explain homozygous dominant

Answer 1

Inheriting 2 copies of the same gene, all capital alleles (Ex. AA, EE, etc.)

Question 2

Explain homozygous recessive

Answer 2

Having two of the same genes in order to express a certain trait. (Ex. aa, ee, etc.)

Question 3

Explain heterozygous

Answer 3

Different alleles (Ex. Aa, Ee, Gg, etc.)

Question 4

Define dominant.

Answer 4

If present, the allele will always have that trait expressed/seen. (BB or Bb = brown hair)

Question 5

Define recessive.

Answer 5

The allele will only have that trait expressed/seen when the dominant allele of NOT present

Question 6

Define genotype.

Answer 6

The actual alleles inherited

Question 7

Define phenotype.

Answer 7

The physical traits/characteristics seen in an organism.

Question 8

Define allele.

Answer 8

Different versions of the same gene

Question 9

How many alleles do you have for 1 gene?

Answer 9

2 alleles/copies per gene

Question 10

Where do these alleles come from?

Answer 10

One allele comes from the father and one comes from the mother

Question 11

What are Mendel’s 3 Laws of Inheritance?

Answer 11

Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, and Law of Independent Assortment

Question 12

What is the difference between inheriting a trait like eye color and a trait/disease like hemophilia?

Answer 12

Inheriting a trait like an eye color is a physical trait, so it’s a phenotype. Inheriting a disease/trait is genetic, so it’s a genotype.

Question 13

What does it mean to be a carrier of a disease or trait?

Answer 13

To “carry” that genetic different in one copy of a gene means that they don’t exactly show the disease, or don’t exactly have it.

Question 14

Explain the difference between complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance.

Answer 14

Complete dominance is when the dominant allele is expressed and fully shown. Incomplete dominance is when the traits are mixed when neither allele is dominant is recessive. Codominance is when both traits are fully shown and separately expressed.

Question 15

Explain the difference between polygenic inheritance and multiple alleles.

Answer 15

Phylogenic inheritance is when a trait is produced by 2 or more genes. Whereas, multiple alleles mean just having more than 2 alleles for one gene.

Question 16

How is blood type an example of codominance and multiple alleles?

Answer 16

They inherit a blood type from both parents, and that blood type together is fully shown. There are also 3 alleles for a gene to determine which blood type you are

Question 17

If your blood type is A, what could your genotype be?

Answer 17

AA or Ai

Question 18

If a parent with AB blood and a parent with O blood have kids, what percent of their children will have each blood type?

Answer 18

50% of their children will have type B and 50% will have type A

Question 19

Give a real-world example of Incomplete Dominance.

Answer 19

Snapdragons (flowers)

Question 20

Give a real-world example of co-dominance.

Answer 20

Blood type

Question 21

Give a real-world example of Multiple Alleles.

Answer 21

Blood Type

Question 22

Give a real-world example of Polygenic Inheritance.

Answer 22

Height, hair color, weight, etc.

Question 23

Give a real-world example of Linked Genes.

Answer 23

Eyes and hair

Question 24

Two people have 5 children with a range of personalities. What type of inheritance pattern is this?

Answer 24

Phylogenetic inheritance

Question 25

A black horse and a white horse mate and make a grey horse. What type of inheritance pattern is this?

Answer 25

Incomplete dominance

Question 26

Duchene Muscular Dystrophy is a disease most common in males. What type of inheritance pattern is this?

Answer 26

X-linked genes

Question 27

Red hair and freckles are almost always inherited together. What type of inheritance pattern is this?

Answer 27

Linked genes

Question 28

CodomincA black horse and a white horse mate and make a zebra. What type of inheritance pattern is this?

Answer 28

Codominance

Question 29

What is a mutation?

Answer 29

Any change in the DNA

Question 30

What are the different types of mutation?

Answer 30

Gene mutation: Point mutation and Frameshift mutations.
Chromosome mutations: Duplication, Translocation, and Nondisjunction.

Question 31

What is worse, a mutation in a somatic cell or a gamete? Why?

Answer 31

A mutation in a gamete cell. Because it’s being passed down on generations.

Question 32

What is worse, a gene mutation or a chromosome mutation? Why?

Answer 32

Chromosome mutations because they can be crossed over and transferred to the offspring

Question 33

Would a mutation like this result from a mistake in replication, protein synthesis, or meiosis?

Answer 33

Meiosis

Question 34

What is a mutagen? Give an example.

Answer 34

Chemicals that can cause DNA mutations. (Ex. UV light, radiations, etc)

Question 35

What is nondisjunction? Give an example of a disorder caused by this.

Answer 35

When chromosomes don’t separate when they’re supposed to and results in a cell getting 1 or 3 chromosomes rather than 2. (Ex. Down syndrome)

Question 36

Give an example of a disorder caused by a gene mutation.

Answer 36

Cystic Fibrosis

Question 37

Give an example of a disorder caused by a chromosome mutation.

Answer 37

Down Syndrome

Question 38

What is genetic engineering?

Answer 38

The process of replacing specific genes in an organism. The manipulation of an organism’s genome using biotechnology.

Question 39

The purpose of genetic engineering is to get organisms with what?

Answer 39

Their desired trait to be expressed.

Question 40

Which type of genetic engineering makes an identical copy of a gene or organism?

Answer 40

Cloning

Question 41

Which type of genetic engineering breeds two completely different organisms?

Answer 41

Hybirdization

Question 42

List a pro and a con of gene therapy.

Answer 42

Con: Damage to organs or tissues, etc.
Pro: Positive effects are passed down generations

Question 43

What was the purpose of the Human Genome Project?

Answer 43

To identify and access all human genes for biological research, as well as sequence all DNA bases in the human genome.