Unit 5. Heredity Flashcards
Explain homozygous dominant
Inheriting 2 copies of the same gene, all capital alleles (Ex. AA, EE, etc.)
Explain homozygous recessive
Having two of the same genes in order to express a certain trait. (Ex. aa, ee, etc.)
Explain heterozygous
Different alleles (Ex. Aa, Ee, Gg, etc.)
Define dominant.
If present, the allele will always have that trait expressed/seen. (BB or Bb = brown hair)
Define recessive.
The allele will only have that trait expressed/seen when the dominant allele of NOT present
Define genotype.
The actual alleles inherited
Define phenotype.
The physical traits/characteristics seen in an organism.
Define allele.
Different versions of the same gene
How many alleles do you have for 1 gene?
2 alleles/copies per gene
Where do these alleles come from?
One allele comes from the father and one comes from the mother
What are Mendel’s 3 Laws of Inheritance?
Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, and Law of Independent Assortment
What is the difference between inheriting a trait like eye color and a trait/disease like hemophilia?
Inheriting a trait like an eye color is a physical trait, so it’s a phenotype. Inheriting a disease/trait is genetic, so it’s a genotype.
What does it mean to be a carrier of a disease or trait?
To “carry” that genetic different in one copy of a gene means that they don’t exactly show the disease, or don’t exactly have it.
Explain the difference between complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance.
Complete dominance is when the dominant allele is expressed and fully shown. Incomplete dominance is when the traits are mixed when neither allele is dominant is recessive. Codominance is when both traits are fully shown and separately expressed.
Explain the difference between polygenic inheritance and multiple alleles.
Phylogenic inheritance is when a trait is produced by 2 or more genes. Whereas, multiple alleles mean just having more than 2 alleles for one gene.
How is blood type an example of codominance and multiple alleles?
They inherit a blood type from both parents, and that blood type together is fully shown. There are also 3 alleles for a gene to determine which blood type you are
If your blood type is A, what could your genotype be?
AA or Ai
If a parent with AB blood and a parent with O blood have kids, what percent of their children will have each blood type?
50% of their children will have type B and 50% will have type A
Give a real-world example of Incomplete Dominance.
Snapdragons (flowers)
Give a real-world example of co-dominance.
Blood type
Give a real-world example of Multiple Alleles.
Blood Type
Give a real-world example of Polygenic Inheritance.
Height, hair color, weight, etc.
Give a real-world example of Linked Genes.
Eyes and hair
Two people have 5 children with a range of personalities. What type of inheritance pattern is this?
Phylogenetic inheritance
A black horse and a white horse mate and make a grey horse. What type of inheritance pattern is this?
Incomplete dominance
Duchene Muscular Dystrophy is a disease most common in males. What type of inheritance pattern is this?
X-linked genes
Red hair and freckles are almost always inherited together. What type of inheritance pattern is this?
Linked genes
CodomincA black horse and a white horse mate and make a zebra. What type of inheritance pattern is this?
Codominance
What is a mutation?
Any change in the DNA
What are the different types of mutation?
Gene mutation: Point mutation and Frameshift mutations.
Chromosome mutations: Duplication, Translocation, and Nondisjunction.
What is worse, a mutation in a somatic cell or a gamete? Why?
A mutation in a gamete cell. Because it’s being passed down on generations.
What is worse, a gene mutation or a chromosome mutation? Why?
Chromosome mutations because they can be crossed over and transferred to the offspring
Would a mutation like this result from a mistake in replication, protein synthesis, or meiosis?
Meiosis
What is a mutagen? Give an example.
Chemicals that can cause DNA mutations. (Ex. UV light, radiations, etc)
What is nondisjunction? Give an example of a disorder caused by this.
When chromosomes don’t separate when they’re supposed to and results in a cell getting 1 or 3 chromosomes rather than 2. (Ex. Down syndrome)
Give an example of a disorder caused by a gene mutation.
Cystic Fibrosis
Give an example of a disorder caused by a chromosome mutation.
Down Syndrome
What is genetic engineering?
The process of replacing specific genes in an organism. The manipulation of an organism’s genome using biotechnology.
The purpose of genetic engineering is to get organisms with what?
Their desired trait to be expressed.
Which type of genetic engineering makes an identical copy of a gene or organism?
Cloning
Which type of genetic engineering breeds two completely different organisms?
Hybirdization
List a pro and a con of gene therapy.
Con: Damage to organs or tissues, etc.
Pro: Positive effects are passed down generations
What was the purpose of the Human Genome Project?
To identify and access all human genes for biological research, as well as sequence all DNA bases in the human genome.
