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Biology > Unit 4. Genetics > Flashcards

Unit 4. Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What macromolecule is DNA?

A

Nucleic Acid

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2
Q

What is the monomer of DNA?

A

Nucleotides

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3
Q

What are the three parts of this monomer of DNA?

A

Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base

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4
Q

What is the difference between a gene and a chromosome?

A

Chromosomes carry DNA in cells which is responsible for building and maintaining your human structure. Genes are segments of your DNA, which give you physical characteristics that make you unique.

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5
Q

Which nitrogen bases are pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

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6
Q

Which nitrogen bases are purines?

A

Adenine, and Guanine

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7
Q

Nitrogen bases are held together by what bonds?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

Nucleotides are held together by what bonds?

A

Phosphate bonds

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9
Q

Because the two strands in DNA run in opposite directions, they are said to be?

A

Antiparallel structure/Bidirectional

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10
Q

The 5’ end of the DNA strand is indicated by?

A

Phosphate group

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11
Q

The 3’ end of the DNA strand is indicated by?

A

Tail end

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12
Q

What are the DNA complementary base pair rules?

A

Adenine + Thymine & Guanine + Cytosine

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13
Q

What are the RNA complementary base pair rules?

A

Adenine + Uracil & Guanine + Cytosine

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14
Q

Describe 3 differences between DNA and RNA.

A

DNA is a double helix, sugar is deoxyribose, and base pairs are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine. RNA is a single strand, its sugar is ribose and its base pairs are Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine.

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15
Q

Describe 2 similarities between DNA and RNA.

A

Both DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides. DNA and RNA both have 3 nitrogen bases: Adenine, Cytosine and Guanine.

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16
Q

Where does DNA Replication take place?

A

The nucleus

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17
Q

When does DNA Replication take place?

A

During the S Phase of the cell cycle

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18
Q

What is the result of replication?

A

2 identical DNA molecules

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19
Q

What is the complementary DNA strand to the one listed below?
A A C T G C A T T T G C

A

T T G A C G T A A A C G

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20
Q

Explain why DNA Replication is said to be “semi-conservative.”

A

2 copies are made. One strand is new, while the other is the half of the previous.

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21
Q

List a function of each enzyme in DNA Replication: Helicase, Primase, DNA Polymerase (list two), and Ligase.

A

Helicase: Unwinds the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds.
Primase: Builds an RNA primer on leading and lagging strands.
DNA Polymerase: Replication, and also proofreading the duplicated DNA and repairing it.
Ligase: Joins fragments to form a continuous strand

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22
Q

Summarize DNA replication in three steps.

A
  1. Unzipping the DNA strand by helicase.
  2. Primase creates a small complementary sequence of RNA nucleotides.
  3. Assembly of the new strand.
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23
Q

In DNA replication, the leading strand replicates what and the lagging strand replicates what?

A

The lagging strand replicates discontinuously forming short fragments, whereas the leading strand replicates continuously

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24
Q

Where can you find DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

A

The nucleus

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25
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A

The flow of information in cells is from DNA to RNA to protein.

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26
Q

List the three types of RNA and their purpose in protein synthesis.

A
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules carry the coding sequences for protein synthesis and are called transcripts.
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules form the core of a cell’s ribosomes (the structures in which protein synthesis takes place).
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.
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27
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

The nucleus

28
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Ribosomes

29
Q

It takes how many nucleotide(s) to code for 1 amino acid?

A

Three nucleotides

30
Q

It takes how many codon(s) to code for 1 amino acid?

A

One codon

31
Q

What two things are on a tRNA molecule?

A

One end of the tRNA binds to a specific amino acid (amino acid attachment site) and the other end has an anticodon that will bind to an mRNA codon.

32
Q

What kind of bonds hold amino acids together?

A

Polypeptide bonds

33
Q

What kind of bonds hold nitrogen base pairs together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

34
Q

What type(s) of RNA are involved in transcription?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

35
Q

What type(s) of RNA are involved in translation?

A

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

36
Q

Diploid means?

A

Containing two sets of chromosomes (2n).

37
Q

Haploid means?

A

Containing only one set of chromosomes (n).

38
Q

How many chromosomes are in a diploid human cell?

A

46 chromosomes

39
Q

If your sex chromosomes are XY, what gender are you?

A

Male

40
Q

When does crossing over happen?

A

Prophase I

41
Q

Give an example of a somatic cell.

A

Blood cells

42
Q

Give an example of a sex cell.

A

An egg cell

43
Q

What is crossing over?

A

The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes.

44
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

Create gametes for sexual production with half the genetic material of the parent cells.

45
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

For growth and to replace worn out cells.

46
Q

Explain the difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes.

A

Sister chromatids are identical copies of a single chromosome. Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and gene content

47
Q

Why must sex cells be haploid?

A

Because they will be combining with another gamete.

48
Q

Explain Prophase I.

A

The crossing over and recombination of genetic material between non sister chromatids which results in the genetically nonidentical, haploid daughter chromatid cells.

49
Q

Explain Prophase II.

A

The chromosomes condense, and a new set of spindle fibers forms. The chromosomes begin moving toward the equator of the cell.

50
Q

List one key difference between the stages Prophase I and Prophase II.

A

Prophase I is the separation of homologous chromosomes, while prophase II is the separation of sister chromatids (there are no homologous chromosomes in prophase II).

51
Q

If a diploid fruit fly cell has 8 chromosomes, how many does a haploid fruit fly cell have?

A

4 cells

52
Q

If the stomach cell of a puppy has 44 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be in one of the puppy’s sperm?

A

22 chromosomes

53
Q

Explain Metaphase I.

A

Metaphase I is when homologous chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell.

54
Q

Explain Metaphase II.

A

Metaphase II is when sister chromatids align in the middle and their centrioles are connected.

55
Q

List one key difference between the stages, Metaphase I and Metaphase II.

A

In Metaphase I, homologous chormosomes are joined in the middle, whereas in Metaphase II, a single chromosome is attached.

56
Q

Explain the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes.

A

Autosomes are chromosomes that determine the body’s traits, while sex chromosomes determine an individual’s gender

57
Q

Explain the difference between somatic cells and sex cells.

A

Somatic cells are regular cells all over our body, whereas sex cells are the reproductive cells, gametes.

58
Q

Explain Anaphase I.

A

When the chromosomes break, and they get pulled by spindle fibers to opposite sides of the cell.

59
Q

Explain Anaphase II.

A

When the chromatids get split in two and spindle fibers pull them back from the middle.

60
Q

List one key difference between the stages, Anaphase I and Anaphase II.

A

Anaphase I is when homologous chromosomes get split and Anaphase II is when sister chromatids get split.

61
Q

What stage in Meiosis or Mitosis is when homologous chromosomes pair up?

A

Prophase I

62
Q

What stage in Meiosis or Mitosis is when spindle fibers move homologous chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell?

A

Anaphase I

63
Q

What stage in Meiosis or Mitosis is when chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell single file?

A

Metaphase I

64
Q

What stage in Meiosis or Mitosis is when sister chromatids separate?

A

Anaphase II

65
Q

What stage in Meiosis or Mitosis is when pairs of chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell?

A

Metaphase II

66
Q

Why is crossing over important?

A

To carry on mixed genes and traits, creates new combinations of genes.

Biology (5 decks)

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