Unit 6 (chapters 28-32) Flashcards
Who were the loyalists?
Colonists who were loyal to Britain
What was the Stamp Act?
A taxation on paper documents
What was the Boston Tea Party?
A protest where colonist threw tea chests in Boston Harbor because of the taxation on tea
Who were the patriots?
Colonists who were loyal to America
Why was the Battle of Saratoga important?
It was the first major American victory, it was the turning point in the war, it inspired the French to help America
What is a revolution?
A forcible overthrow of a government or social order
What was the Boston Massacre?
11 colonists were shot by a group of British soldiers
When did the “shot heard around the world” occur?
Beginning of the Battles of Lexington and Concord
Why did Common Sense make a big impact?
It was written so the average farmer could understand it
Why are the battles of Lexington and Concord important?
They were the first Battles of the American Revolution
What was the order of French leaders during the revolution?
King Lois XVI, Robespierre, Napoleon
Who was Adam Smith?
A Scottish philosopher who focused on economic affairs of supply and demand. Enlightenment thinking
Who was John Locke?
An Enlightenment thinker and English philosopher who focused on the natural law of politics and believed in a constitutional monarchy
Who was Baron de Montesquieu?
An Enlightenment thinker who believed in the separation of power and establishing a science of politics
Who was Voltaire?
An Enlightenment thinker who believed in individual freedom, no oppression, and had very liberal beliefs. He published many writings (first one being when he was 17)
What was popular sovereignty?
The principle that the authority of a state and it’s gov’t are created and sustained by the consent of it’s people, who are the source of all political power (power to the people)
Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
An Enlightenment thinker who identified with the working class, and preached political equality
What were beliefs of Deists?
Existence of a god, but denied supernatural teachings of Christianity (such as Jesus’ virgin birth and resurrection)
What were Enlightenment values?
Freedom and equality, as well as popular sovereignty (which was broadened by the American Revolution when taxes were imposed [decreased “freedom” increased the want for it] as well as the declaration [increased popular sovereignty])
The rise of Napoleon
Was a military leader that rose to being emperor by being politically ambitious, overthrowing the Directory, and setting up a new gov’t (the Consulate)
Who led the Haitian Revolution?
Toussaint L’Ouveture
What was the result of the Haitian Revolution?
Haiti became independent. It was the only successful slave revolt
Who was Simon Bolivar?
French revolutionist who led the movement for independence
William Wilberforce
Leading spokesman for antislavery movement
Nationalism
Identification with one’s nation and support for it’s interest
Congress of Vienna
attempted to restore pre-revolutionary order, failed because it was “impossible” to suppress popular sovereignty
What was the Industrial Revolution?
Factories and new methods for increased production of manufactured goods
Steam engine
Invented by James Watt, greater productivity, cheaper prices
Factory system
Complicated machinery, boosted economy, faster/cheaper, large-scale production, awful working conditions
Why did the Industrial Revolution happen in Britain?
Support from the investment capital
Standard Oil monopoly
Controlled almost all oil in America, enabled efficient operation, cost cutting, and ability to undersell competitors (cheaper for consumers)
Revolutionary medicines
Helped people live longer, vaccinations
City conditions
Gross, polluted, occupied with working class (poor)
Employment of women
Domestic services in middle-class households, and textile industry
Trade unions
advance toward equitable society, eliminate abuses of early industrial society and improve workers lives
Declaration Of Independence
America declaring it’s independence from Britain. “All men are created equal” (not “equal” yet)
Indian Removal Act
Move Native Americans for settlers to expand.
Related terms: Trail of Tears. Manifest Destiny
Conflict between Native Americans and white settlers
Little Bighorn. Native Americans ultimately lost because they were not as advanced as the settlers
Manifest destiny
The divine right that white settlers were given for westward expansion across North America
Mexican-American War
U.S. accepted Texas as a state. America won, but many Mexicans were left stranded or stayed where they were and attained citizenship.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Ended the war, added to U.S. territory
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by president Abraham Lincoln (abolitionist), freed slaves in the states that rebelled during the Civil War
Civil War (United States)
South vs. North, slavery, rebels (South), Abe Lincoln (abolitionist), Emancipation Proclamation
War of 1812
Sense of unity against an external threat. Impacted Canada (caused an era of growth), and anti-U.S. sentiments
John A. Macdonald
Prime minister of Canada, expanded by negotiating purchases
Latin American independence
Caudillos (military leaders) took leadership.
Development of Mexico
Affected/set back by rivalries between liberals and conservatives
Mexican Revolution
Land and liberty and ideals/aspirations of the masses (Zapata and Francisco Villa)
Immigration to the U.S.
Many people migrated from Asia, Europe, and Latin America for job opportunities (such as on railroads or in factories) as well as searching for financial well-being
Railroads
Economic developments (faster trade), job openings
Different economic development in Latin America than in Canada
Latin America didn’t undergo industrialization or the “enjoyment” of economic developments
How did the U.S. severe ties with Natives to their culture
Put them on plantations and forced them to assimilate
Canada’s conflicts with natives
A lot more gentle than U.S. approach
Northwest Rebellion
Failed rebellion in Canada because of threat of white settlement
Gauchos
Symbol of Latin American identity, ethnic egalitarianism, anyone could be one
Ottoman Empire decline
Military decline, territorial losses, economic difficulties
Capitulations
Agreements that exempted European visitors from Ottoman Law and provided European powers with extraterritoriality
Mahmud II
Sultan of Ottoman, after Selim III, reform and reorganization
Tanzimat era
Reorganization of the Ottoman Empire
Young Turks
Called for universal suffrage, equality before the law, freedom of religion, free public education, secularization of the state, and the emancipation of women
Crimean War
Weakened Russian Empire, Russia and Ottomans, Russia suffered humiliating defeats, Russia was weak (they re-evaluated social order and restructured)
Emancipation Manifesto
Serfdom was abolished. Freedom to 23 million serfs
Opium war
British forced opium addiction into China because they wouldn’t participate in trade, Treaty of Nanking (British had to accept the opium trade was over), opium was made illegal, British took Hong Kong, China suffered many devastating and humiliating defeats
Taiping leaders and rebellion
Proposal for the destruction of Qing dynasty, radical transformation of Chinese society (Xiuquan). Rebellion brought Qing to the brink of collapse
Self-Strengthening Movement
“Chinese learning at the base, western learning for use”. Intelligence and military strength and tacticts
Hundred Days Reform
Kang Youwei And Laing Qichao. Radical changes in the imperial system
Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
Boxer Rebellion, wanted to eliminate foreign powers because they threatened the gov’t
The Diet
Constitutional monarchy. Two houses. Nobles and lower houses. Executive held most power
Imperialism
Extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force
Sepoy Rebellion
Rifles being lubricated with animal fat
“Great game”
Imperial expansion “game” between much of Central Asia into the Russian empire. They all wanted imperial advantages
Britain wanted to control Southeast Asian sea lanes because
They wanted tin and rubber
Boer war
British miners seeking gold and diamonds in African territories
King Leopold
Congo, gold, bad guy, hands, killed many, rubber, kept riches for self, Belgian ruler, said he “colonized” Congo
Berlin Conference
No Africans, Europeans and U.S. were there to make ground rules for colonizing Africa
Colonial rule
Direct rule (controller it with administration) Indirect rule (other officials impose ideas)
Pacific island and European conflict
Europeans wanted their spices
Monroe Doctrine
Proclamation warning Europeans against imperialist designs wishing N. hemisphere
U.S. annexation of Hawaii
Wanted sugar plantations and more American ports
Spanish-American War
U.S gained Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam, and the Philippines
Panama Canal
Facilitated communication and transportation
Sino-Japanese war
Expanded power by gaining E. Asian water
Russo-Japanese War
Gain of Korea
Imperialism changes
Trade, population increase
Labor movements
Europe and Asia to U.S.
Indian National Congress
Reform India
Bolshevik
“Bread, peace, and land”
Vladimir Lennon
Russia
Redistribution of land
