Unit 6- Chapters 20 and 21 Flashcards
Define the modern political concept of nationalism
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What specific elements of the Vienna settlement (1815) were challenged by 19th century European nationalists? Describe the opposing nationalistic concept of “popular sovereignty”
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In what ways did the print culture and public education contribute to linguistic uniformity in European nations during the 19th century? How did such linguistic uniformity contribute to the spread of nationalistic sentiments?
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Briefly describe the various arguments and metaphors used by European nationalists to express their meaning of the concept of “nationhood”
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Identify the six major areas of Europe, and the specific national groups within each, that challenged the political status quo during the 19th century. How and why did they challenge the political situations within their regions?
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How did 19th century European conservatives view the concept of political liberalism?
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What was the historical foundation from which 19th century liberals derived their political ideas? What were the typical political goals of 19th century European liberals?
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Why were 19th century European conservatives typically suspicious of written constitutions?
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Who was most likely to have been a liberal in 19th century Europe?
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Although liberals wanted broader political participation why did they not advocate democracy?
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What were the typical economic goals of 19th century liberals?
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How did the varied social and political circumstances of European countries lead to differences in the specific programs of reform supported by liberals in Great Britain, France, and the German-speaking states?
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Why did most German liberals favor a united Germany, and who did they look to as the instrument of unification?
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Identify three ways in which the ideals of 19th century nationalism and liberalism were directly opposed to one another. In what way were the ideals of nationalism and liberalism compatible?
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What were the three major pillars of 19th century conservatism which established the alliance of “throne, land, and altar”? Why did these groups, which had frequently engaged in conflict during the 18th century, find reason to cooperate in the 19th?
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Why did each of the three pillars of 19th century conservatism feel that genuinely representative government could not be trusted in any form?
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How did Europe’s entry into an era of peace following the Napoleonic Wars (1815) confront the nation-states of Europe with new pressures and demands of their citizenry?
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Why were programs of liberalism and nationalism potentially more dangerous to Austria than to any other European nation-state?
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Why was Austria determined to prevent the newly formed German Confederation from evolving into a new, constitutional, German national state?
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Why did Prussian King Frederick William III renege of his promise to establish some sort of constitutional government in Prussia?
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What incident in 1819 provided Metternich with the opportunity to suppress the Burschenschaften and other potential institutions of liberalism within the Austrian dominated German Confederation? Describe the Carlsbad Decrees, which were undertaken by Metternich to achieve this.
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Following the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815, what actions were undertaken by the Tory ministry of Lord Liverpool to deal with problems of postwar dislocation and to protect the interests of the landed and other wealthy classes?
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As the policies of Lord Liverpool perpetuated the trend of abandonment by the British ruling class of its traditional role of paternalistic protector of the poor, how did the lower social orders react? How did the government respond to the response of the poor?
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What was the reason for the demonstration, held in the industrial north of England in August of 1819, which resulted in the Peterloo Massacre? Describe the Six Acts which were issued by the British government in response to the massacre.
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Why did France’s restored Bourbon monarch, King Louis XVIII, agree not to pursue the restoration of absolutism and instead become a constitutional monarch?
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Describe the government of France as established by the Charter- the constitution of the French restoration. In what ways did it incorporate achievements of the Revolution?
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Who, in the months after Napoleon’s final defeat at Waterloo, carried out a White Terror against former revolutionaries and supporters of the deposed emperor? Why?
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Who were the ultraroyalists? How did the government of Louis XVIII respond to the assassination of the king’s nephew and son of the Count of Artois- the Duke of Berri- in February, 1820?
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What was the Concert of Europe? Who participated in it? What were its goals?
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Why did a group of army officers rebel against the government of Spain’s King Ferdinand VII in 1820? What did this Spanish Revolution of 1820 accomplish? How was the revolution ultimately suppressed in 1823?
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What did NOT happen in Spain in 1823 proved to be as important for the new post-Napoleonic international order as what did happen. What did NOT happen? How did this demonstrate that the implementation of the Congress System of the Vienna settlement was a resounding success?
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How did Britain’s foreign minister, George Canning, attempt to prevent the politics of European reaction from being extended to Spain’s colonies in Latin American- and, in the process, secure British access to Latin American trade?
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What was “the Eastern Question,” and what were the major concerns of each of the Great Powers in relation to this question?
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Why did the European Great Powers ultimately choose to support the cause of Greek independence?
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In what ways did the establishment of an independent Serbia in 1830 create tensions between Serbia and its neighbors? Why did the new Serbian nation-state attract Russia as its formal protector?
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Describe the many sources of Creole discontent with Spanish colonial government in Latin America. Which specific events in Europe created the imperial political vacuum throughout Spanish Latin America which provided both the opportunity and the necessity for action by Creole leaders?
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Which parts of Latin America were liberated by José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar? How did they differ in terms of the form of political structure they supported for a post-revolution Latin America?
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Though the Mexican uprising in New Spain began as a liberal, even radical, movement, why in the end, did it come to illustrate better than in any other region of Latin American the socially conservative outcome of the Latin American colonial revolutions?
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What three factors account for the peaceful transition to independence for Brazil?
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Following the Latin American wars for independence, why did Latin American governments and businesses look to Britain for protection, for markets, and for capital investment?
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In the wake of Napoleon’s defeat, how did many Russian military officers come to develop liberal reformist sympathies? Describe the organizations which they formed upon returning home.
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Describe the succession crisis which unfolded in Russia following the unexpected death of Czar Alexander I in 1825? How did the succession crisis lead to the failed Decembrist Revolt of 1825? What did the Decembrists hope to achieve?
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Why did Czar Nicholas I consistently oppose reform in Russia, including calls for the abolition of serfdom?
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Describe the Official Nationality program supported by Nicholas I in place of reform, identifying the role of each of the three pillars of the program: “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationalism.”
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What events forced Nicholas I to issue the Organic Statue of February 1832, and how did it address the status of Poland within the Russian Empire?
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How did the beliefs and actions of France’s King Charles X, including his issue of the Four Ordinances in July 1830, serve to identify him as an ultraroyalist, conservative monarch?
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Why did the laboring populace of Paris rise in rebellion against the monarchy of Charles X in the July Revolution of 1830? What were the results of this uprising? How had the goals of the middle and working classes been different during this revolution/
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In what ways was the “July Monarchy” of King Louis Philippe more liberal than the restoration of government of the Bourbons?
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In what ways did the Revolution of 1830 prove to be socially conservative? Why did this social conservatism lead to continued turmoil in France, including the “July Days” in Paris in 1832- the uprising written about by Victor Hugo in his novel Les Miserables?
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Why did the Belgian (southern) provinces of the Kingdom of the Netherlands rise in rebellion against Dutch rule? Why did the Great Powers of the Concert of Europe choose not to intervene to reverse the Belgian revolution? What did the Convention of 1839 guarantee?
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In Great Britain, what three factors contributed to the spirit accommodation between the forces of conservatism and liberalism?
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Why, in 1800, was Parliament persuaded to pass the Act of Union between Ireland and England? What limitation did the Act place on the political rights of Irish Catholics?
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How did the Irish nationalist Catholic Association, under the leadership of Daniel O’Connell, persuade Parliament to enact the Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829? What rights did the Act grant to Irish Catholics?
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Why did Parliament agree to pass the Catholic Emancipation Act? Why did its passing alienate many Tory supporters of Wellington’s government, and how did it ultimately speed up the movement for Parliamentary reform?
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What were the two broad goals for Parliamentary reform of the Whig ministry of Earl Grey? In what ways did the Great Reform Act (Bill) of 1832 reform British politics? In what ways were the gains achieved by the Act, in reality, tempered? Why was the Act, overall, a great success?
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