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AP Euro by Jessica > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

P. 480Description of the “Old Regime”

A

Old traditionsNobles and peasants wanted traditional/manorial rightsHierarchical structure of societyCommunity rightsChurch, aristocracy, then everybody else

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2
Q

P. 482Characteristics of aristocracy in 18th c.

A

Gained position by birthright1-5 % of population, but wealthiest sector, most powerGreat Britain: most innovative

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3
Q

P. 484Facts/characteristics of French nobility

A

Nobles of the sword/robeHobereaux

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4
Q

P. 484-5Features about the nobility of Europe

A

Streltsy: Russian military rulersJunkers: PrussianBoyars: RussianPeter the Great made Table of RanksCatherine the Great- charter of nobility ( volunteer service )

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5
Q

P. 485Aristocratic Resurgance

A

Nobility’s reaction to threat of their power; the monarchies

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6
Q

P. 485Economic basis of 18th century life

A
  1. LandRead more on pg. 449 in the textbook with Napoleon on the cover if you need to2. Grain production
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7
Q

P. 487Facts of English game laws

A

Landowners had the exclusive right to hunt, leads to poachersLike what Katniss does in the Hunger Games, she hunts, then sells food in a black market.1831- parliament says other people can hunt, but the animals belong to the landowners

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8
Q

P. 488-9Family economy characteristics

A

Household = basic unit of production/consumptionNW vs. E Europe households- read more on pg. 451-2 in Napoleon textbook

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9
Q

P. 492Concerns of married women in pre-industrial Europe

A

To manage financesEstablish/maintain householdMain concern = earning enough money/ producing enough farm goods to ensure an adequate food supplyMAKING MONEY TO SUPPORT HUSBAND AND HOUSEHOLD

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10
Q

P. 492-3Characteristics about children in 18th c

A

Not always welcome, could end up in a foundling hospitalNew interest, however, arose in educating them, often through the churchLiteracy rates roseReared to help parents’ economy, then set up their own households

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11
Q

P. 493Bread prices during 18th c

A

Slowly but steadily rose

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12
Q

P. 494Agricultural methods used by the Dutch leading up to the agricultural revolution

A

Built dikes, drained land- poldersExperimented with clover/turnipsCultivated sandy soil with fertilizers

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13
Q

P. 497Crops introduced to Europe from new world and their impacts

A

PotatoMore certain food supply- enabled population to growOne acre could feed a family for a year(Maize also introduced)

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14
Q

P. 493Innovations and contributors of the agricultural revolution

A

Jethro Tull- seed drill and iron plowCharles “Turnip” Townshend- crop rotationRobert Bakewell- selective animal breeding

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15
Q

P. 496Open field system

A

Open field system: Only used about half of the arable landThe community decided what would grow2-3 fields that were unconnected

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16
Q

P. 498-99Causes, effects and characteristics of 18th c consumer revolution

A

disposable income, increased conscientious fashion, social mobility in England, demand for goods, marketing, Josiah Wedgwood

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17
Q

P. 499Industry which pioneered the industrial revolution

A

Textile

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18
Q

P. 500Water frame

A

1769 by Richard Arkwright Allowed pure fabric productionPowered by water, so it was by rivers

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19
Q

P. 500Spinning jenny

A

1765 by James Hargreaves Made 16 units of thread, instead of just one like beforeThen in 1800, 120 could be made at the same time

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20
Q

P. 500Flying shuttle

A

1730s by John KayIncreased productivity of the weaversBottleneck of fast weaving, but not thread-making

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21
Q

P. 500 The power loom

A

1780s by Edmund CartwrightIncreased weaving production

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22
Q

P. 501Uses of steam engine

A

Pumping out minesTransportationAgricultureConstruction/destruction

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23
Q

P. 501Impact of steam engine

A

Revolutionized transportationPermitted industrialization to growSteady, unlimited power supply

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24
Q

P. 501Inventors of steam engine

A

1700 by Thomas NewcomenTo pump out minesVery inefficient1769 by James WattTo run textile machinery Watt, Boulton, Wilkinson

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25
Q

P. 501-2Henry Cort and Iron production during the 18th c

A

Introduced a new puddling process (Stirring/melting iron ore)Made purer ironShaped iron into molds too

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26
Q

P. 500(Domestic) Putting-out system of textile production

A

Agents of merchants did all the dirty work They took wool to the spinners’ houses, then thread to the weavers’, then cloth to the seamstresses. Then the merchant sold it. Inefficient

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27
Q

P. 497Reasons for England being the birthplace of the industrial revolution

A

Raw resources (iron ore/coal)ColoniesLondonPolitically stableSocial mobilityEconomic free trade

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28
Q

P. 502-4Impact of agricultural and industrial revolutions on women

A

Their jobs weren’t needed anymore

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29
Q

P. 508Locations of main Jewish populations in 18th c

A

Not: Spain, France, RussiaIn: Netherlands, Poland

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30
Q

P. 516-17Stages of European contact with the rest of the world since the renaissance

A

1- discovery, exploration, conquest, settlement2- mercantilism3- imperialism4- decolonization

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31
Q

P. 517Factors that allowed European nations to dominate the rest of the world

A

Technological supremacyNaval powerGunpowder

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32
Q

P. 516Fundamental institution present during 1st 2 periods of European imperialism in the new world

A

Slavery, the manpower of mercantilism

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33
Q

P. 517Main rivals during the era of colonization

A

Spain, France, Great Britain, and to a lesser extent, the Netherlands

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34
Q

P. 517-18Description of mercantilism

A

The economic theory which holds that the prosperity of a nation depends upon the nation’s supply of capital. More exports, less importsGold and silver bullion

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35
Q

P. 518Purposes of colonies and home country in mercantilism

A

The colonies are to preserve resources for the home country.The colonies do all the work, so the home country can grow prosperous and export lots of materials.

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36
Q

P. 523’Peninsulares’

A

Spanish colonists born on peninsula of SpainGiven privileges/ rights in the colonies

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37
Q

P. 519Purpose of the Spanish empire until mid 18th c

A

To raise economy in mother countryTo provide capital resources

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38
Q

P. 523Creole

A

Born in Spanish coloniesConsidered lesser citizensNot as many privileges as peninsulares

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39
Q

P. 532Two areas of conflict during mid 18th c among great nations

A

1- colonial territories2- central/Eastern Europe (HRE)

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40
Q

P. 496Enclosure Movement

A

Nobles that owned land passed actsWas more efficient Consolidated unconnected strips of landCommercialized agriculture

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41
Q

P. 532Cause and purpose and significance of War of Jenkins’ Ear

A

Some Spanish police guys boarded Jenkins’ ship, which had “stolen goods” and then they cut off his ear. He then took his freaky ear back to Parliament, and Walpole reluctantly agreed to fight Spain.It dissolved treaties, and started lots of conflicts. It led to the War of Austrian Succession.

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42
Q

P. 533-34Alliances and significance of the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756

A

Britain + Prussia vs. France + AustriaAll the alliances are different than in the War of Austrian Succession

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43
Q

P. 534-35Biggest victors of the Seven Years’ War

A

Britain and Prussia

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44
Q

P. 536Purpose of the Stamp Act

A

Money was supposed to stay in America, but the colonists thought that was a bunch of bull, so they formed the Stamp Act Congress

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45
Q

P. 537Characteristics of the Intolerable Acts

A

Politics were reorganizedBritish troops were quartered in private homes

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46
Q

P. 537”Common Sense”

A

Pamphlet by Thomas PaineGalvanized American support for separation

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47
Q

P. 541Results/outcomes of the American Revolution concerning slavery, rights, and society

A

Not equal rightsIn South, slavery was enhanced

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48
Q

P. 536-37Reason for American resentment towards British attempts to tax them

A

No taxation without representationSelf governance / popular sovereignty

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49
Q

P. 537-538Ideas and events that American ideals were based upon

A

The Glorious RevolutionTwo Treatises of Government by John LockeMontesquieu’s Spirit of the LawsThe Commonwealthmen + Cato’s Letters

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50
Q

P. 552Two most important (people and) influences in Enlightenment

A

1.Isaac Newton- Newtonian worldview2.John Locke- Tabula Rasa3. Great Britain- limited monarchical power4. Print culture

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51
Q

P. 552Uniqueness of Britain politically and socially leading up to the Enlightenment

A

Glorious revolution + bill of rightsDomestic/religious/political/economical stability

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52
Q

P. 554Public opinion

A

Created by print cultureCreates a more informed people

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53
Q

P. 553Print culture

A

Increase in printed materialsEspecially novelsBut also: newspapers, encyclopedias, pamphlets, journals

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54
Q

P. 557Voltaire’s views and literary works on Britain

A

They were advanced : politically, socially, etcWrote Letters on the English

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55
Q

P. 557-8Voltaire’s literary works and their subject matters

A

Letters on the English- gov’t of EnglishElements of the Philosophy of Newton- popularized NewtonCandide- sarcastic optimistic views

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56
Q

P. 558 Philosophes criticism of Christian church

A

Original sin: causes no improvementIntolerance: root of warsAssumed major role in politicsFocused on life AFTER

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57
Q

P. 559Major points of the Deists Creed

A

1- there is a God2- there is life after death

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58
Q

P. 561’Ethics’

A

Spinoza wrote itWas pretty extreme, radical, and banned. Said God and Nature were the same thingSpinoza was then considered a martyr by other Philosophes

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59
Q

P. 561Moses Mendelsohn

A

aka Jewish Socrates, Father of reformed Judaism Said Jews should assimilate uniquely

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60
Q

P. 562Pascal’s view of Islam

A

DangerousPromiscuous-polygamy

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61
Q

P. 564Editors, contributors, topics/themes and effects of ‘the encyclopedia’

A

Diderot and d’Alembert100+ authorsTo probe the life on earthSpread enlightenment ideals farther than any other single work

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62
Q

P. 564-5’On crimes and punishments’

A

By BecarriaTo reform criminals, not just automatically kill themPopular= rational lawPenal systems shouldn’t play the role of godUtilitarian GREATEST GOOD FOR GREATEST NUMBER

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63
Q

P. 566Adam Smith and views on Mercantilism

A

Encouraged abolishment of mercantilismWanted laissez-faire enterprise

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64
Q

P. 566 ‘The Wealth of Nations’

A

By Adam SmithLaissez-faire economics” we need to unleash the monster”

65
Q

P. 566Role and purpose of gov’t according to Adam Smith

A

Said gov’t should provide infrastructure/ protect property/ open foreign markets if an individual can’t

66
Q

P. 566Adam Smith’s four-stage theory

A

1- Hunter/gatherer2- pastoral herding 3- agriculture4- commercial

67
Q

P. 566Laissez-faire economics

A

Adam SmithHands-off enterprise

68
Q

P. 555-6Beliefs of physiocrats

A

Current economic system; mercantilism, is bad

69
Q

P. 568Rousseau and human nature, evil in the world, views on women and individualism versus community

A

People = selfish, evil because of uneven distribution of property Anti-women: inferior, specific social/ domestic rolesCOMMUNITY OVER INDIVIDUAL

70
Q

P. 569Injustices as grounds for criticism of imperialism from Enlightenment thinkers

A

Conquest, Treatment of: Native American Indians, African slaves

71
Q

P. 571Views of Herder

A

Cultural RelativismGoal of any society should be: understanding, not conquering/destroying other cultures

72
Q

P. 567Montesquieu’s literary works, views on government, England, preferred government for France, etc.

A

Wrote Spirit of the LawsSEPARATION OF POWERS- constitutional monarchy

73
Q

P. 573Philosophes views on women

A

They weren’t feminists in generalWasn’t really a huge concern for most of themSome ( like Rousseau) were really against women advancing in society

74
Q

P. 575Characteristics, themes, examples and major artists of neoclassical art

A

Embodied models of ancient/ Renaissance/ humanistic/ classicalSecularJacques Louis David = giant of Neoclassical artFrench Revolution- type artWas didactic (somber/serious)

75
Q

P. 575Characteristics, themes, examples and supporters of rococo art

A

Preceded Neoclassical artAccepted by French aristocracy- was playful/ soft/ lavishLouis XV liked itThe Imperial Art Hall in Bavaria had the most Rococo art

76
Q

P. 580Enlightened absolutism under Frederick the great and self-proclaimed title

A

Promotion through MeritReligious TolerationCodification of Prussian lawCalled himself “the first servant of the State”

77
Q

P. 586Enlightened absolutism under Catherine the great

A

Befriended nobles/PhilosophesWanted to revise law/gov’t of Russia with popular support, but the big council she got together wanted an autocratical monarchy, and she was absolutist. So she made reforms on her own authority. She improved the economy and expanded Russia’s territory

78
Q

P. 580-89Absolutist monarchs directly associated with the ideals of the Enlightenment

A

Frederick the Great, Joseph II, Catherine the Great

79
Q

P. 584Joseph II of Austria and social reforms

A

Authority over regionsCatholic Church + religious tolerationTrade barriers, serfs

80
Q

P. 587Catherine the great of Russia and the nobility

A

Friends, but then they didn’t really change anything because she wanted to remain absolutist. She then gave them power with the Charter of the Nobility

81
Q

P. 587Catherine the great’s territorial aspirations and conquests

A

Warm-water ports = war with Turks Got Danube River ports, and Black Sea outlet, and Crimea.Later gave up Danube River ports for part of Poland

82
Q

P. 588Results of the first partition of Poland

A

Poland was divided between: -Russia: area with 2 million inhabitants-Prussia: connected its two areas (east Prussia and Prussia proper)-Austria: Galicia, S. Poland, salt mines, 2.5 million people

83
Q

Facts about Gotthold Lessing

A

Author of play (Nathan the Wise= main character, quoted Moses Mendelsohn), about religious tolerationWas critical of the way Christians treated non- Christians

84
Q

Identify the four social levels of Europe’s prerevolutionary old regime

A

1- aristocratic elites2- established churches3- an urban labor force4- A rural peasantry

85
Q

Why did Nobles and peasants each call for the restoration of traditional, or customary, rights in pre-Revolutionary Europe?

A

Nobles wanted “ancient rights” against the intrusion of monarchical bureaucraciesPeasants wanted “customary manorial rights”, that allowed them access to particular lands, courts, or grievance procedures

86
Q

What was the most important fact of life for most of the population, and the greatest concern for governments, in preindustrial Europe and why?

A

The quality and quantity of the grain harvestThe economy was based on agriculture

87
Q

What type of rights and privileges to 18th-century Europeans enjoy? Identify specific examples.

A

Community-based rightsChurches, guilds, universities were communities-if you were a member of the guild community, you have the right to print a book or whatever your guild does-

88
Q

Describe the aristocracy of 18th-century Europe

A

They were only 1 to 5% of the population, but they were the wealthiest group. They had the most power, and they set the tone of polite society. Most had a separate house in: Parliament, Estate, Diet. Most of their income came from the land. In England and France, they embraced the “commercial spirit”, and weren’t idle.

89
Q

In what ways was the British nobility unique compared to the nobility of the rest of Europe?

A

-Smallest/wealthiest (400 families)-They controlled the House of Lords and the House of Commons-Owned 1/4 of the arable land-They invested their wealth in commerce- Their country houses where the centers of local society

90
Q

What differentiated”nobles of the sword” from “nobles of the robe” in prerevolutionary France? Who were the hobereaux?

A

Nobles of the sword gained nobility from military serviceNobles of the robe served in bureaucracy or purchased their titlesHobereaux were provincial nobility, and not much better than peasants

91
Q

Identify the names used to identify the nobility in Poland, Prussia, and Russia and describe their respective privileges

A

Poland= szlachta, exempt from taxes after 1741 Possessed right of life/death over serfs until 1768Prussia= Junkers, whose power grew after 1740 Because war required their full supportRussia= nobles from the Table of Ranks, who resisted compulsory State service Could transmit noble status to wife + kids Judicial protection of rights/ property Considerable power over serfs Exemption from personal taxes

92
Q

Identify and explain the four ways by which the European aristocracy attempted to reassert their social position and privilege against the expanding power of absolute monarchies during the aristocratic resurgence of the 18th century

A

1- tried to preserve exclusiveness by making it hard to become a noble2- pushed to reserve appointment to the officer corps of the armies, senior posts in the bureaucracy / government ministry, upper ranks of church exclusively for Nobles3- tried to use: Parliament, French courts (parlements), estates/diets of Germany and the Habsburgs against the Monarch4- get more money by being exempt from taxes/ collected higher rent or dues from peasantry

93
Q

How did the social status and condition of the peasantry of pre-revolution Europe change when moving across the continent from West to east- from Britain to Russia?

A

Best to worstHighest to lowestMost freedom to least freedom

94
Q

Define the following: banalities? seigneur? corvée? robot?

A

Banalities: certain feudal dues required by use-for-payment of grain millsSeigneur: lord who has a grain millCorvée: practice of forced labor determined by a seigneurRobot: service (to the lords) required by law

95
Q

What were the general causes behind peasant revolts of the 18th century, such as Pugachev’s Rebellion in Russia? Why were such revolts generally considered conservative in nature?

A

The government gave the lords power over the serfs in exchange for cooperation. In Pugachev’s Rebellion, Emelyan Pugachev promised serfs their own land and freedomRebels sought to reestablish traditional rights

96
Q

Describe the English game laws. What was their purpose? How did the game laws lead to poaching? How and why were the game laws ultimately altered in 1831?

A

Only Nobles could hunt hares and fowl. It’s like in the hunger games, when Katniss needs food, so she poaches animals. People poached animals and then sold them in a black market. In 1831, Parliament said landowners owned the game, but other people could hunt it.

97
Q

Describe the function of the family economy. How was it organized? Who participated in it, and in what ways?

A

It was the basic unit of production or consumption. Everybody had a home with other people, and everyone in the house worked, nobody was idle. The father and older kids were harvesters, or laborers. If the father was a migrant worker, the wife and kids worked the farm. If they lived in the city: father was chief artisan, eldest child was the next in line for the business, so they were trained to run it, and the wife sold wares or operated the shop.

98
Q

What was the function of women in the pre-industrial European family economy? Distinguish between the functions of an unmarried versus a married woman.

A

Unmarried: can’t support herselfHelps parents until she has to get a job to make her dowryMarried: helps with husband’s job

99
Q

Why was marriage usually delayed in pre-industrial European society?

A

Women had to work for like 10 years to get a dowry

100
Q

In what ways that the work of married women differ between city and country?

A

City : in charge of finances, help manage businessCountry: carried things, or actually plowed, planted, and harvested

101
Q

What was meant by the term “economy of expedients”?

A

If economic disaster struck, the wife organized it. Family members were sent off to work or even beg in the streets.

102
Q

Why were pregnancy and childbirth typically a time of fear and vulnerability for pre-industrial European women?

A

Contagious diseases threatened the mother and child, fevers were common, and infections were too.Wet nurses were also a necessity for poor women

103
Q

Why was the birth of a child not always welcome in pre-industrial Europe?

A

It’s another mouth to feedIt could be illegitimate, as promiscuity was pretty commonThese led to infanticide

104
Q

What were foundling hospitals? For what reasons were children typically abandoned?

A

They were like orphanages. If children were illegitimate, or their parents couldn’t support them, and they didn’t actually kill their kid, they dropped it off at one of these.

105
Q

In what ways did attitudes toward children begin to change during the 18th century? How did this new attitude differ from attitudes of the old regime?

A

-educating children-literacy rates increased19th c: children were reared to become members of a national citizenry Old regime: children were reared to make contribution to economy of parents’ family, and then set up their own households

106
Q

Why was their economic position particularly vulnerable?

A

If a poor harvest made the food price go up, their business suffered.

107
Q

What role did the guilds play in the lives of 18th c. Urban artisans?

A

NOT: growth/innovationTHEY DID: preserve skills and jobsProvided framework for social and economic advancement

108
Q

What were the typical causes of urban riots in 18th c. Europe?

A

-artisans were economically offended-THE PRICE OF BREAD(Confiscation/selling at “just” price/ returning of money earned)-religious bigotry

109
Q

How did these causes (of urban riots) begin to change by the end of the century?

A

Urban riots increasingly involved political endsPolitical riots had non-artisan leadership/ instigation

110
Q

In what ways were European Jews forced to maintain a separate existence from the mainstream of European society well into the 18th c?

A

-Most lived in Eastern Europe-Catherine the great excluded them from the foreign manifesto. -needed protection from the local officials-(except in Britain) they were kind of self-governing in Ghettos(Ghettos: self-governing community)

111
Q

P. 532Facts about the War of Austrian Succession

A

Started in 1740 Frederick II invaded SilesiaBroke conditions of Pragmatic Sanctions of 1713Maria Theresa was threatenedFrance supports PrussiaBritain kicks French butt in Germany and America

112
Q

Geographically, how did patterns of urbanization change in Europe between 1500 and 1800?

A

From the Mediterranean -> NorthMore stats on pg. 465 in the Napoleon book

113
Q

Between 1600 and1750, which types of cities were most likely to experience vigorous growth?

A

Capitals and ports

114
Q

When did the growth of capitals and ports reflect?

A

The success of monarchical state buildingCapitals: consequent burgeoning of bureaucracies, armies, courts etc. who lived in the capitals.Ports: expansion of European overseas trade (Atlantic).

115
Q

What types of urban centers declined, and why?

A

The rates of existing large cities declined because new cities and expansion of small existing ones grew.

116
Q

After 1750, what factors account for the emergence of new cities, as well as the exceptional growth of many smaller, pre-existing cities?

A

1-population increase2-industrial revolution3-factories4-prosperity of agriculture

117
Q

Describe life for Europe’s urban poor of the 18th and 19th centuries

A

-they were segregated, and most lived by the rivers-not sanitary, and didn’t have a very good water supply-dirt, filth, and stench were everywhere

118
Q

What ways was poverty more visible (but not worse) in the cities than the countrysides?

A

Crime, prostitution, vagrancy, begging, alcoholism, poor housing, degradation, and death

119
Q

What social roles were played by the urban upper classes of the 18th and 19th centuries?

A

Council members, merchants, bankers, financiers, clergy, Government officials, nobility

120
Q

Who typically made up the urban middle-class?

A

Merchants, tradespeople, bankers, professionals

121
Q

What ways did the urban middle-class foster the revolution in consumption which fueled the Industrial Revolution?

A

1-as owners of factories and stores, they made and sold goods2-they were the chief consumersFully embraced the commercial spirit

122
Q

The relationship, in general terms, between the European middle class and aristocracy of the pre-French Revolution 18th-century?

A

ComplicatedThe middle class, or the bourgeoisie, wanted to be like aristocrats. But, the aristocrats didn’t want the middle class to take their power.

123
Q

When tensions did arise between these two groups, around what issues did their debates revolve?

A

Issues of power-sharing or access to political influence

124
Q

Why did the middle-class typically fear the urban lower classes?

A

The thought that the urban lower classes was a potentially violent threat. Urban lower classes also drained national resources.

125
Q

Who typically made up the urban artisan class?

A

Grocers, butchers, fishmongers, carpenters, cabinetmakers, smiths, printers, handloom weavers, tailors

126
Q

In what ways were European Jews discriminated against?

A

Loans weren’t repaidThey were religiously separate

127
Q

Alliances in the war of Austrian succession

A

Britain + Austria vs. France + Prussia

128
Q

Alliances in the seven years’ war

A

Britain + Prussia vs. France + Austria

129
Q

P. 552Britain’s influence on the Enlightenment

A

Freedom of speech/ press, etc

130
Q

What did Voltair hope to imply when he uttered, “crush the infamous thing! “?

A

Was attacking religious persecution and advocating toleration he was criticizing the church in general

131
Q

What were the primary complaints of the philosophes against established religion? Were they justified? Why or why not?

A

The church hindered pursuit of natural life and the scientific study of humanity and natureThis is kind of an opinion question

132
Q

What political, economic, and social practices of established religion did the philosophes hope to reform and why?

A

The old regime, the clergy being exempt from taxes, the clergy and only powerful people, the clergy controlled educationIn general the clergy in existence have all the power

133
Q

How did deism differ from traditional Christianity?

A

It was religion without fanaticism or intoleranceIt was largely substituting human reason for authority of churches

134
Q

How was Deism influenced by the Newtonian worldview?

A

Nature was rational, so God must also be rational, so religion should be rational, not supernatural or mystical

135
Q

How did deism differ from Newton’s reconciliation with God?

A

Newtonian= God could interfere with the natural orderDeism= divine “watchmaker” who made the world, then “departed”

136
Q

What impact did the Deists hope their faith would have in established religion? Was that hope realistic? Why or why not?

A

It would end the rivalry between the various Christian sects, religious fanaticism, conflict and persecutionNot realistic, because people are idiots and are set in their ways

137
Q

Which of the Philosophes became the champion of religious toleration

A

Voltaire

138
Q

How Much religious toleration did the philosophes hope to achieve?

A

Not only of different Christian sects, but also of religious faith other than Christianity

139
Q

What was the basic premise behind their calls for toleration?

A

Life on earth and human relationships should not be subordinated to religious zeal that permitted one group of people to persecute, harm, or repress other groups

140
Q

Describe the most radical criticisms of Christianity made by Voltaire

A

In his Philosophical Dictionary, he criticized inconsistencies in biblical stories

141
Q

Describe the most radical criticisms of Christianity made by David Hume

A

In a chapter of Inquiry into Human Nature, “Of Miracles,” he said no empirical evidence supported centrally Christian divine miracles’ belief, and that the greatest miracle to him, was that people believe in miracles.

142
Q

Describe the most radical criticisms of Christianity made by Edward Gibbon

A

In The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, he explained the rise of Christianity in terms of natural causes, not miracles or piety

143
Q

Describe the relationship between God and nature as defined by Baruch Spinoza

A

In Ethics: nature and God is a single divine substanceIn Theologico-Politico Treatise: he described origins of religion in thoroughly naturalistic terms

144
Q

In what ways did the philosophy of Moses Mendelson differ from that of Spinoza?

A

A Jew could combine loyalty to Judaism with adherence to rational, Enlightenment values.he wished to advocate religious toleration while genuinely sustaining the traditional religion of Judaism

145
Q

How did European writers of the 18th century portray Islam, and in what ways did they attack it?

A

They were hostile to Islam and deeply misleading, called it a “false religion”, said it was carnal, promiscuous, and were against harems in the Islamic world

146
Q

What views did Voltaire have about Islam?

A

It’s just another example of religious fanaticism he had already criticized Christians for

147
Q

What views did John Toland have about Islam?

A

He said it was a form of Christianity, and was against prejudice against Jews and Muslims

148
Q

What were the views of Montesquieu toward Islam?

A

He associated Islamic society with the passivity that he ascribed to people subject to political depotismSaid religion presented Ottomans from technologically advancing

149
Q

What views did Lady Mary Wortley Montagu portray in her Turkish Embassy letters?

A

She praised Ottoman society and said it had better architecture than Western Europe. She thought women were free although they were covered with clothing. The anonymity was freedom in Istanbul. She also said the hostile views of Islam are incorrect

150
Q

What did the Ulama, a Islamic religious establishment, teach Muslims about the Christianity?

A

There is little to learn from Christian culture, because they believed, Islam replaced Christianity is a religion

151
Q

How did the salons of Paris allow women to participate in the enlightenment?

A

It made the women well-connected with political figuresDistributed writings of philosophes among their friends

152
Q

What benefits did the salons provide to the philosophes?

A

It gave access to useful social and political contacts and a receptive environment in which to circulate their ideasThe association with fashion also increased their social status

153
Q

What was the general attitude of the philosophes toward women and their social conditions

A

They weren’t strong feminists, but they urged for better and broader education. The philosophe said that when they had currently was too religious advocated no radical change

154
Q

Describe the specific women presented by Montesquieu

A

The status of women was a result of climate, political regime, culture, physiology. Women not naturally inferior to men. He was aware of their repression, but he thought men should dominate marriage. He upheld the ideal of female chastity

155
Q

Describe the specific opinions of women presented by Rousseau

A

He said men and women occupy different spheres. Women should just please men, and are only good at feeling or giving love. A lot of women breast-fed after he said that motherhood was important.

156
Q

Describe the specific opinions of women presented by the encyclopedia

A

Women didn’t need reform. Emphasized physical weakness and inferiority. There were different views from many male authors, but in general they viewed women as only family members

157
Q

Despite his view that men and women occupy different spheres, in what ways did Rousseau achiever best following among women in 18th-century

A

Many women breast-fed instead of using wetnursesRousseau stressed the importance of emotions

158
Q

What inspired Mary Wollstonecraft to write A Vindication a of The Rights Of Women

A

She opposed the policies of the French Revolution, she said they were unfavorable to women

159
Q

Describe Mary Wollstonecraft’s basic argument in opposition to the views of Rousseau, and in favor of providing women a good education

A

To confine women to “domestic spheres “makes them sensual slaves of menVictims of male tyranny, blind obedience, could never achieve on moral or intellectual identity

AP Euro by Jessica (8 decks)

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