Unit 5 Study Guide Flashcards
Causes of the crisis leading up to the French Revolution
Louis XV- lost 7 yrs’ warRenè Maupeou- abolished parlementsLouis XVI + Marie AntoinetteThen they are way in debt because of the American RevolutionFamine+ bitterly cold winter
Facts about the Compte Rendu
Jacques Necker wrote it for Louis XVIWas made publicHad 3 ideas:Not pay debt to American RevolutionNot pay pensionsNo need for taxing peasantry
Makeup of the Estates General & reasons for its convening in 1789
1= clergy2= nobles3= bourgeoise Peasantry Urban workersLouis XVI invited them to fix the financial crisis
Financial reforms of Charles Calonne
More free-trade enterprise/ less barriersLower taxes like Gabelle( tax on salt)Transform the corveé from labor to $Make the taille (land tax) universal
1st & 2nd Estates attempts to limit rights of 3rd Estate
3 proposals:Voting by representativesVoting by estatesDoubling the Third was another proposal
Grievances included as part of the cashiers de doleances
Similar, despite differences of classesGovt waste, equitable taxation, wanted to meet regularly, hunting rights, church is corrupt, civic rights, freedoms of: speech, press, to gather, etcELIMINATION OF PRIVILEGE
Creation of the National Assembly
The 3rd estate was frustrated, knew that the estates General wasn’t working, and left to make the National Assembly on their own, but they also invited sympathetic 1st and 2nd estate members.
Facts about the Tennis Court Oath
The National Assembly was locked out of their regular hangout, so they met on a Tennis Court, and vowed to:Keep meeting until they drafted a constitution
Reasons for riots in winter of 1788 & spring of 1789
Food shortages, rising cost of grainFamine of 88
Facts about and significance of the Storming of the Bastille
July 14,178960 people killed, angry crowd riotsThe people need gunpowderThis was the STARTING EVENT of the French Revolution
The Great Fear
Food would be taken by noblesNever actually happened, but that didn’t stop the people from attacking first
The Night of August 4th
First step: announcement that the Ancien Regime is over; Feudalism is abolished
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
Liberty, Property, Security, Resistance to OppressionWomen excluded
Jean Paul Marat
l’ami du peupleRallies people, prints execution lists, killed by Charlotte Corday
The “October Days”
Fearsome fish ladies march to Versailles after Marat says that king’s party = trampling the tricolor
National Constituent Assembly and it’s preferred form of gov’t
Created from tennis court oathWanted constitutional monarchy
Characteristics & facts about the Constitution of 1791
Limited monarchical authorityMade Legislative AssemblyActive/ passive citizens: 50,000 out of 25 mil were eligible
Declaration of the Rights of Women
By Olympe de Gougeswanted education, recognition as citizensSaid women were vital to revolution
Examples of economic reforms during the Reconstruction of France
Deregulation of tradeMetric systemAssignats( inflation- backfired)
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Placed French Catholic Church directly under state control Only 83 bishops nowClergy electedCreated jurying and refractory clergyHuge blunder
Roman Catholic Church’s view of the Revolution
Pope Pius VI condemned itVery opposed- duh- because of civil constitution of the clergy
Émigrés
Self-exiles during early revolution Aristocracy, refractory clergy, and pro-royalistsSpread word of “French Plague”
Characteristics and facts about the Jacobins
Broad group- lead the LAIncluded Montagnards and Girondists
Facts about the Sans Culottes and their goals and methods
Wanted relief of food shortages and social equalityWanted a republic- like Rousseau Crowd action
The September Massacres
France was getting beat on the warfront, so they have to make sure there are no domestic threats-1200 people in prisons slaughtered
Challenges facing the French revolutionary gov’t by 1793
Monarchy, counter-revolutionary activities, religious divisions, economic crises, war, political factionalism
The Declaration of Pillnitz
Warning from Austria and Prussia saying that if the royal family got harmed in any way, they would intervene militarily
The National Convention and its actions
August 10th 1792- Storming of the TuileriesFirst action was :September 21 1782- Declares France a REPUBLIC
Countries at war w/ France by 1793
Britain, Austria, Prussia, Sardinia
Edmund Burke’s view of the French Revolution
Said French didn’t know what they were doingPredicted lots of problemsDangerous/ not comparable to the American revolution
The Partitions of Poland
French ideals spread to Poland- Prussia and Russia tried to stop itPolish went and fought for the French later
Levee en masse
Tried to involve EVERYBODY in the army somehow
Ways in which the French Republic attempted to achieve a “Republic of Virtue”
Repression of womenDechristianization Revolutionary tribunals
Values important to the Republic of Virtue
Terror is a necessary evilCommunity over individualDeismRepression of women
The Committee of Public Safety and its purpose
12 membersTo lead French Revolution, defend French Republic
Facts about the Reign of Terror
Tribunals for foreign and domestic threatsLed by RobespierreGUILLOTINE was tool20,000 killed
Law of 22 Prairial
Suspended due process so they could kill people faster. Made the reign of terror now known as the great terror
Facts about Robespierre
Staunch republicanIn charge of committee of public safetyWanted to punish enemiesCreated cult of the supreme being and the republic of virtueWanted religion to be rational, not supernatural”Incorruptible”Got guillotined
Results of the Thermidorian Reaction
Tempering of revolutionStarted with robespierre’s deathParis jacobin clubs were closedSans-culottes sidelined
“Bands of Jesus” and the White Terror
Tribunals against the sans- culottesPurification
Women’s rights before and after the Revolution
Had more rights before than after
Facts about Napoleon Bonaparte
From CorsicaClimbed the social ladder through militaryMajor victory was Battle of Toulan- when he became a generalWas a jacobin - favored the revolution1799- overthrew directory with abbé sieyes
Results of the Coup of 18 Brumaire
The council of 500 leaves, Napoleon becomes a consul
Treaty of Campo Formio
Austria now out of conflict, Napoleon gets Switzerland
The Battle at Abukir
1st major defat, traps Napoleon in Egypt. Horatio Nelson kicks Napoleon’s butt
Ways in which Napoleon attempted to suppress foreign & domestic opposition
General amnesty, prefects, secret police, legion of honor, kidnaps duke of Enghien- a bourbon, concordat of 1801Treaty of LunevilleTreaty of Amiens
The Concordat of 1801, facts, its purpose, and results:
Pope got to declare France officially catholic and Napoleon got:All clergy resigned, loyal clergy appointed as state employees
Facts about the Napoleonic Code
Aka civil code of 1804Standardized lawsAbolished feudalism + primogenitorStamped out notion of gender equality- males are supremeForbade worker unions
Facts regarding Napoleon becoming the Emperor of France
Coup of 18 Brumaire/ coup of 18 fructidor Was 1st consul, then consul for lifeRATIFIED THROUGH PLEBISCITE on December 2nd 1804Jacques Louis David painted it
The Battle of Trafalgar
Off Spanish coastNelson whips Napoleon’s butt but also diesNapoleon has to give up any hope of beating the British on water
Prime Minister of Britain during the French Revolution
William Pitt the younger
Peace of Amiens
1802 Really just a truce between Britain and France Napoleon’s early action to dispel tension and get stability
Napoleon’s victories in Central Europe
Vs. Austria- battle of UlmVs. Austria and Russia- battle of AusterlitzVs. Prussia- battle of JenaVs. Russia- battle of Friedland
The Confederation of the Rhine and its significance
Created with treaty after the battle of Austerlitz, when Austria cleared out of Italy. End of HRE1806
Treaty of Tilsit
Favorable to RussiaRussia becomes ally of Napoleon
Facts about the Continental System
Economic blockade - huge riskForbade allies of Napoleon from trading with Britain Portugal not included
The 100 Days
Napoleon’s return from Elba
Napoleon’s wives
Josephine- didn’t produce an heir- got mansion and $Marie Louise- daughter of Austrian Francis I (aka Francis II when he ruled HRE)
Napoleon and his family as rulers
Only trusted his family- appointed brothers and sisters as rulers of his vast territoryNapoléon Francis Joseph Charles - his son - became the King of Rome
Napoleon’s brothers rule in the kingdom of Westphalia
ConstitutionallyDONT WORRY ABOUT THIS QUESTION
Prussia’s response to Napoleon’s Empire
NATIONALISMconstitutional monarchyAbolished serfdom42,000 soldiers dealLed to >270,000 troops
Facts about Napoleon’s Peninsular Campaign
Spain sends Sir Arthur Wellesley (aka Duke of Wellington)- guerrilla warfareNapoleon becomes weak
Facts about Napoleon’s Russian Campaign
> 600,000 troops into Russia, only about 97,000 come backScorched Earth - Moscow also lit on fireBattle of Borodino- deadlock Winter took tons of soldiers on their retreat
The Battle of Nations
Aka battle of LiebsikMajor defeat for NapoleonHe abdicates - for the first time, and goes to Elba
Facts about the Congress of Vienna
Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia
The Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon vs. (Prussian) Blucher and (British) WellingtonHis final military engagementExiled to St. Helena
Results of the Treaty of Chaumont
Ended Napoleon’s reignDONT WORRY ABOUT THIS QUESTION
Kingdom of the Netherlands and other territorial adjustments after Congress of Vienna
Buffer zonesConfederation of the Rhine is more independent, goes to Prussia, becomes Germany Genoa now belongs to Sardinia North Italy goes to Austria
Central characteristics and facts of Romantic Movement
Reaction to enlightenment, deism, and rational thoughtEmotion/feeling= importantInspiration was Middle AgesSterm und drang - storm and stress, German prototype movement To revive art, literature, architectureTO SUPPLEMENT REASON/ enlightenment WITH IMAGINATION
Art, literature, and architecture of the Romantics
Focused on middle ages
Contributions of Rousseau on the Romantic Movement esp. literature
ÉmileLife can be good outside of societyKids should learn by trial and error Women are weak
Immanuel Kant contributions to Romanticism
Critique of pure reasonCritique of practical reasonPhenomenal/ pnumonal worldsCategorical imperative
(English) Coleridge (writer) ‘s contributions to Romanticism
Rime of the Ancient MarinerWith Wordsworth- lyrical ballads
(English) Wordsworth (writer) ‘s contributions to Romanticism
With Coleridge- lyrical balladsOde on Intimations of immortality
(English) Lord Byron (writer) ‘s contributions to Romanticism
Childe Harold’s PilgrimageDon Juan
(German) Tieck (writer) ‘s contributions to Romanticism
William Lovell
(German) Schlegel (writer) ‘s contributions to Romanticism
Lucinde
(German) Goethe (writer) ‘s contributions to Romanticism
The sorrows of young wertherMasterpiece = FAUST- 2 parts
Facts/characteristics of Romantic artist Constable
Hay wainSalisbury cathedral from the meadows
Facts/characteristics of Romantic artist William Turner
Rain, speed, steamFighting temeraire
Facts/characteristics of Romantic artist Caspar David Friedrich
Polar seaWanderer above the sea of fogMan, woman, and moon painting
Romantic/Neo-Gothic architecture characteristics and notable monuments/ buildings
Absence of pillars/ arches/ domesBusy piers/ steeples/ buttressesMonotoneBritish Houses of Parliament Neuschwanstein castle
Facts regarding Methodism
Anti-deistReaction to enlightened ideals and Church of EnglandLeader : John Wesley
The Genius of Christianity
By chateaubriand Disapproved revolutionSaid faith= emotion/ passion
Johann Herder’s contributions to Romanticism and German culture
Sparked enlightenment resistanceExplained nature with German culture and history
Hegel, his views on the conflict of ideas and his contributions to the study of History
Thesis: ideas/ events that develop from dominant set if ideasAnti-thesis: challenge thesis, conflicting set of idealsSynthesis: new set of ideas
