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Madison’s Ceramics > Unit 6 All Words > Flashcards

Unit 6 All Words Flashcards

1
Q

100% corner

A

intersection located inside an urban center that maximizes access to customers and therefore was the location of high threshold retailers like department stores

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2
Q

African City Model

A

created by Harm de Blij in 1962; features three main CBDs (Colonial, Traditional, Market), rich live further in and poor further out, ethnic groups cluster around different areas; e.g., Nairobi, Kenya and Johannesburg, South Africa

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3
Q

Affordability

A

housing units that are affordable by that section of society whose income is below the median household income

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4
Q

Annexation

A

legally adding land area to a city

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5
Q

Backwash effect

A

the negative effects on one region that result from economic growth within another region

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6
Q

Barriado

A

a shantytown section on the outskirts of a large city in Latin America

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7
Q

Beltway

A

a highway encircling an urban area (AKA - ring road); especially around Washington, DC

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8
Q

Bid-rent theory

A

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district increases; states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center

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9
Q

Blockbusting

A

process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that minority families will move in and reduce value of property

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10
Q

Boomburb

A

a place with more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area; a large suburb with its own government

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11
Q

Boswash Corridor

A

(see Megalopolis)

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12
Q

Brownfields

A

a former industrial or commercial site where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination

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13
Q

Built landscape

A

those features and patterns reflecting human occupation and use of natural resources

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14
Q

Car culture

A

a society or way of life characterized by excessive use of or reliance on motor vehicles

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15
Q

CBD

A

(Central Business District) downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high with apartments and condominiums rather than single family homes due to high cost of land; transportation systems converge; often the physical center of a city

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16
Q

Central city

A

city surrounded by suburbs

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17
Q

Christaller’s Central Place Theory

A

states that in any given region there can only be one large central city, which is surrounded by a series of smaller cities, towns, and hamlets; attempts to understand why cities are located where they are

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18
Q

City

A

legally incorporated, self-governing urban settlement

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19
Q

Commuter zone

A

outermost zone of the concentric zone model that represents people who choose to live in residential suburbia and take a daily commute into the CBD to work

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20
Q

Concentric zone model

A

created by E.W. Burgess in 1923; features economic stratification, zones separate and distinct in concentric rings at distances from the CBD; e.g., Chicago

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21
Q

Consolidation

A

the joint handling of certain governmental functions across numerous separate municipalities, particularly neighboring cities and counties; e.g., Miami-Dade County School District)

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22
Q

Continuous urban corridor

A

(AKA conurbation) a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and other urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area

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23
Q

Council of government

A

a cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the United States

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24
Q

Cycle of poverty

A

set of factors or events by which poverty is likely to continue unless there is outside intervention; families trapped in the cycle of poverty, have either limited or no resources necessary to get out of poverty, such as financial capital, education, or connections; can be called the “development trap” or “poverty trap” when applied to countries

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25
Q

Decentralization

A

the tendency of people or businesses and industry to locate outside the central city

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26
Q

De facto segregation

A

segregation that exists in a society but is not enforced by the law

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27
Q

Density gradient

A

the change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery

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28
Q

Disamenity sectors

A

the very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords

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29
Q

Edge city

A

nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities, they usually have tall office buildings, a concentration of retail shops, relatively few residences, and are located at the junction of major transportation routes

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30
Q

Environmental injustice/racism

A

the placement of low-income or minority communities in the proximity of environmentally hazardous or degraded environments, such as toxic waste, pollution and urban decay

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31
Q

Exurb

A

a semirural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well-to-do families

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32
Q

Farmland protection policies

A

policies enacted by governments that protect farmland and prevent it from being sold into other use; uses zoning to identify areas of agricultural land use

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33
Q

Favela

A

large slums around Brazilian cities

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34
Q

Filtering

A

process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner to abandonment

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35
Q

Food desert

A

an area, especially one with low-income residents, that has limited access to affordable and nutritious food

36
Q

Food swamp

A

a place where unhealthy foods are more readily available than healthy foods

37
Q

Foreclosure

A

the action of taking possession of a mortgaged property when the mortgagor fails to keep up their mortgage payments

38
Q

Galactic City Model

A

developed by Chauncy Harris in the 1950s and based on Detroit, it describes the spread of US cities outward from the CBD to the suburbs, leaving a declining inner city; as suburbs grew, some of the functions of the CBD began to appear in them; at key locations along transportation routes, mini-downtowns of hotels, malls, restaurants, and office complexes emerged

39
Q

Gentrification

A

the process of repairing and rebuilding homes and businesses in a deteriorating area (such as an urban neighborhood) accompanied by an influx of middle-class or affluent people and that often results in the displacement of earlier, usually poorer residents

40
Q

Gravity Model

A

holds that interaction between two places can be determined by product of the population of both places, divided by the square of their distance from one another; primary implication is that distance is not the only determining factor in interaction between two cities (e.g. although Kingston, Canada is much closer to New York City than London it also has a much lower population than London so the interaction between London and New York City is likely to be higher than the interaction between Kingston and New York City)

41
Q

Greenbelt

A

areas of undeveloped land around an urban area, usually in Europe, to deter urban sprawl

42
Q

Greenfield

A

land that has never been built on

43
Q

High Line

A

a 1.45-mile-long elevated linear park, greenway and rail trail created on a former New York Central Railroad spur on the west side of Manhattan in NYC

44
Q

Housing discrimination

A

discrimination in which an individual or family is treated unequally when trying to buy, rent, lease, sell or finance a home based on their race or ethnicity

45
Q

Inclusionary zoning

A

municipal and county planning ordinance that require a given share of new construction to be affordable for people with low to moderate incomes

46
Q

Infilling

A

building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels in already developed areas

47
Q

Infrastructure

A

the physical systems, facilities, and services that support the daily lives of people and businesses in an urban area

48
Q

Inner-city

A

the older and more populated and (usually) poorer central section of a city

49
Q

Land tenure

A

the relationship that individuals and groups hold with respect to land and land-based resources, such as trees, minerals, pastures, and water

50
Q

Latin American City Model

A

created by Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford in 1996; elite live close to CBD along spine of amenities, market is next to CBD, industry connected to CBD, squatter settlements on periphery; e.g., Rio de Janeiro and Mexico City

51
Q

Laws of the Indies

A

laws outlining how colonial cities were constructed in the Spanish Empire - gridiron street plan centered on church and central plaza, walls around individual houses, and neighborhoods built around central, smaller plazas with parish churches or monasteries

52
Q

Local food movements

A

aim to connect food producers and consumers in the same geographic region, to develop more self-reliant and resilient food networks; improve local economies; or to affect the health, environment, community, or society of a particular place

53
Q

Lowline

A

a proposal for the world’s first underground park in the NYC borough of Manhattan located underground in the former Williamsburg Bridge Trolley Terminal; natural light will be directed below ground using a system that has been described in the proposed plan as “remote skylights,” providing an area in which trees and grass could be grown beneath city streets

54
Q

Megacity

A

a city with more than 10 million residents

55
Q

Megalopolis

A

continuous, adjacent urbanized areas which form a massive urban complex (e.g., the urban corridor between Boston and Washington, D.C. or Boswash Corridor in the United States and the urbanized area from Tokyo to Osaka also known as the Tokaido Corridor)

56
Q

Metacity

A

a city with more than 10 million residents - (non teacher edits - may be larger than a megacity)

57
Q

Mixed-use development

A

pedestrian-friendly development that blends two or more residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, and/or industrial uses

58
Q

Multiple-nuclei model

A

created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ulman in 1945; each activity has a separate node; e.g., Mumbai, Minneapolis

59
Q

New urbanism

A

a movement in urban planning to reduce sprawl, increase affordable housing, and create vibrant, livable neighborhoods largely walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods

60
Q

Primate City Rule

A

a city that is much larger than any other city in the country and that dominates the country’s economic, political, and cultural life

61
Q

Public housing

A

housing provided for people with low incomes, subsidized by public funds

62
Q

Rank-size Rule

A

the population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy; pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement; most developed nations follow this rule unless they have a primate city

63
Q

Redlining

A

a discriminatory practice by which banks, insurance companies, etc., refuse or limit loans, mortgages, insurance, etc., within specific geographic areas, especially inner-city neighborhoods

64
Q

Ring road

A

(see beltway)

65
Q

Sector model

A

created by Homer Hoyt in 1939; all activity sectors extend from CBD, factories and low class overlap because it is convenient; e.g., Chicago

66
Q

Site

A

the physical character of place; what is found at the location and why it is significant

67
Q

Situation

A

a place’s surrounding features, both human-made and natural; the location of a place relative to other places

68
Q

Skyscraper

A

a continuously habitable high-rise building that generally has over 40 floors and is taller than approximately 150 m (492 ft); historically, the term first referred to buildings with 10 to 20 floors in the 1880s, but the definition shifted with advancing construction technology during the 20th century

69
Q

Slow-growth cities

A

cities that have slower growth rates than most cities, often as the result of plans to limit rapid, unchecked expansion

70
Q

Smart growth

A

a set of policies in the US to preserve farmland and other open, undeveloped spaces near a city

71
Q

Southeast Asian City Model

A

created by T.G. McGee in 1937; features old colonial port zone as a focal point, no formal CBD, elements of CBD in different zones; e.g., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Jakarta, Indonesia

72
Q

Squatter settlement

A

slums on the periphery of cities

73
Q

Suburbanization

A

the process of people moving from cities to adjacent residential areas

74
Q

Transportation-oriented development

A

a type of urban development that maximizes the amount of residential, business and leisure space within walking distance of public transport

75
Q

Urban decay

A

(also known as urban rot and urban blight) is the sociological process by which a previously functioning city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair

76
Q

Urban growth boundaries

A

a regional boundary, set in an attempt to control urban sprawl by, in its simplest form, mandating that the area inside the boundary be used for urban development and the area outside be preserved in its natural state or used for agriculture

77
Q

Urban renewal

A

the redevelopment of areas within a city, typically involving the clearance of slums

78
Q

Urban sprawl

A

the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas

79
Q

Urbanization

A

the movement of people from the countryside to towns and cities

80
Q

Urbanized area

A

Includes the central city and the built-up surrounding areas where population density exceeds 1,000 people per square mile

81
Q

Vertical geography

A

considers the use of space above and below street level in a densely populated urban environment

82
Q

Walkability

A

the overall level of comfort, access, enjoyment, and connectivity of an area that facilitates walking

83
Q

World city

A

dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy; center of the flow of information and capital

84
Q

Zone of abandonment

A

areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons

85
Q

Zone of in situ accretion

A

a transitional area for Latin American cities between the zone of maturity and the zone of peripheral squatter settlements; homes vary widely in size, type, and quality of materials

86
Q

Zone of transition

A

area between the factory zone and the working-class zone in the concentric zone model of urban structure devised by Ernest Burgess; an area of flux where the land use is changing

87
Q

Borchert’s Epochs of Urban Growth

A

John Borchert’s model (1967) recognized four epochs in the evolution of the American metropolis based on the impact of transportation and communication:
* 1) Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830) – associated with low technology
* 2) Iron Horse Epoch (1830-70) – steam-powered locomotive and spreading rails
* 3) Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920) – full impact of Industrial Revolution (steel), hinterlands expand
* 4) Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-70) – gas-powered internal combustion engine
* High Technology Epoch (1970-today) – expansion of service and information industries (not part of Borchert’s model)

Madison’s Ceramics (12 decks)

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