Unit 6 All Words Flashcards
100% corner
intersection located inside an urban center that maximizes access to customers and therefore was the location of high threshold retailers like department stores
African City Model
created by Harm de Blij in 1962; features three main CBDs (Colonial, Traditional, Market), rich live further in and poor further out, ethnic groups cluster around different areas; e.g., Nairobi, Kenya and Johannesburg, South Africa
Affordability
housing units that are affordable by that section of society whose income is below the median household income
Annexation
legally adding land area to a city
Backwash effect
the negative effects on one region that result from economic growth within another region
Barriado
a shantytown section on the outskirts of a large city in Latin America
Beltway
a highway encircling an urban area (AKA - ring road); especially around Washington, DC
Bid-rent theory
geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district increases; states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center
Blockbusting
process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that minority families will move in and reduce value of property
Boomburb
a place with more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area; a large suburb with its own government
Boswash Corridor
(see Megalopolis)
Brownfields
a former industrial or commercial site where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination
Built landscape
those features and patterns reflecting human occupation and use of natural resources
Car culture
a society or way of life characterized by excessive use of or reliance on motor vehicles
CBD
(Central Business District) downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high with apartments and condominiums rather than single family homes due to high cost of land; transportation systems converge; often the physical center of a city
Central city
city surrounded by suburbs
Christaller’s Central Place Theory
states that in any given region there can only be one large central city, which is surrounded by a series of smaller cities, towns, and hamlets; attempts to understand why cities are located where they are
City
legally incorporated, self-governing urban settlement
Commuter zone
outermost zone of the concentric zone model that represents people who choose to live in residential suburbia and take a daily commute into the CBD to work
Concentric zone model
created by E.W. Burgess in 1923; features economic stratification, zones separate and distinct in concentric rings at distances from the CBD; e.g., Chicago
Consolidation
the joint handling of certain governmental functions across numerous separate municipalities, particularly neighboring cities and counties; e.g., Miami-Dade County School District)
Continuous urban corridor
(AKA conurbation) a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and other urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area
Council of government
a cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the United States
Cycle of poverty
set of factors or events by which poverty is likely to continue unless there is outside intervention; families trapped in the cycle of poverty, have either limited or no resources necessary to get out of poverty, such as financial capital, education, or connections; can be called the “development trap” or “poverty trap” when applied to countries
Decentralization
the tendency of people or businesses and industry to locate outside the central city
De facto segregation
segregation that exists in a society but is not enforced by the law
Density gradient
the change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery
Disamenity sectors
the very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords
Edge city
nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities, they usually have tall office buildings, a concentration of retail shops, relatively few residences, and are located at the junction of major transportation routes
Environmental injustice/racism
the placement of low-income or minority communities in the proximity of environmentally hazardous or degraded environments, such as toxic waste, pollution and urban decay
Exurb
a semirural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well-to-do families
Farmland protection policies
policies enacted by governments that protect farmland and prevent it from being sold into other use; uses zoning to identify areas of agricultural land use
Favela
large slums around Brazilian cities
Filtering
process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner to abandonment
Food desert
an area, especially one with low-income residents, that has limited access to affordable and nutritious food
Food swamp
a place where unhealthy foods are more readily available than healthy foods
Foreclosure
the action of taking possession of a mortgaged property when the mortgagor fails to keep up their mortgage payments
Galactic City Model
developed by Chauncy Harris in the 1950s and based on Detroit, it describes the spread of US cities outward from the CBD to the suburbs, leaving a declining inner city; as suburbs grew, some of the functions of the CBD began to appear in them; at key locations along transportation routes, mini-downtowns of hotels, malls, restaurants, and office complexes emerged
Gentrification
the process of repairing and rebuilding homes and businesses in a deteriorating area (such as an urban neighborhood) accompanied by an influx of middle-class or affluent people and that often results in the displacement of earlier, usually poorer residents
Gravity Model
holds that interaction between two places can be determined by product of the population of both places, divided by the square of their distance from one another; primary implication is that distance is not the only determining factor in interaction between two cities (e.g. although Kingston, Canada is much closer to New York City than London it also has a much lower population than London so the interaction between London and New York City is likely to be higher than the interaction between Kingston and New York City)
Greenbelt
areas of undeveloped land around an urban area, usually in Europe, to deter urban sprawl
Greenfield
land that has never been built on
High Line
a 1.45-mile-long elevated linear park, greenway and rail trail created on a former New York Central Railroad spur on the west side of Manhattan in NYC
Housing discrimination
discrimination in which an individual or family is treated unequally when trying to buy, rent, lease, sell or finance a home based on their race or ethnicity
Inclusionary zoning
municipal and county planning ordinance that require a given share of new construction to be affordable for people with low to moderate incomes
Infilling
building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels in already developed areas
Infrastructure
the physical systems, facilities, and services that support the daily lives of people and businesses in an urban area
Inner-city
the older and more populated and (usually) poorer central section of a city
Land tenure
the relationship that individuals and groups hold with respect to land and land-based resources, such as trees, minerals, pastures, and water
Latin American City Model
created by Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford in 1996; elite live close to CBD along spine of amenities, market is next to CBD, industry connected to CBD, squatter settlements on periphery; e.g., Rio de Janeiro and Mexico City
Laws of the Indies
laws outlining how colonial cities were constructed in the Spanish Empire - gridiron street plan centered on church and central plaza, walls around individual houses, and neighborhoods built around central, smaller plazas with parish churches or monasteries
Local food movements
aim to connect food producers and consumers in the same geographic region, to develop more self-reliant and resilient food networks; improve local economies; or to affect the health, environment, community, or society of a particular place
Lowline
a proposal for the world’s first underground park in the NYC borough of Manhattan located underground in the former Williamsburg Bridge Trolley Terminal; natural light will be directed below ground using a system that has been described in the proposed plan as “remote skylights,” providing an area in which trees and grass could be grown beneath city streets
Megacity
a city with more than 10 million residents
Megalopolis
continuous, adjacent urbanized areas which form a massive urban complex (e.g., the urban corridor between Boston and Washington, D.C. or Boswash Corridor in the United States and the urbanized area from Tokyo to Osaka also known as the Tokaido Corridor)
Metacity
a city with more than 10 million residents - (non teacher edits - may be larger than a megacity)
Mixed-use development
pedestrian-friendly development that blends two or more residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, and/or industrial uses
Multiple-nuclei model
created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ulman in 1945; each activity has a separate node; e.g., Mumbai, Minneapolis
New urbanism
a movement in urban planning to reduce sprawl, increase affordable housing, and create vibrant, livable neighborhoods largely walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods
Primate City Rule
a city that is much larger than any other city in the country and that dominates the country’s economic, political, and cultural life
Public housing
housing provided for people with low incomes, subsidized by public funds
Rank-size Rule
the population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy; pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement; most developed nations follow this rule unless they have a primate city
Redlining
a discriminatory practice by which banks, insurance companies, etc., refuse or limit loans, mortgages, insurance, etc., within specific geographic areas, especially inner-city neighborhoods
Ring road
(see beltway)
Sector model
created by Homer Hoyt in 1939; all activity sectors extend from CBD, factories and low class overlap because it is convenient; e.g., Chicago
Site
the physical character of place; what is found at the location and why it is significant
Situation
a place’s surrounding features, both human-made and natural; the location of a place relative to other places
Skyscraper
a continuously habitable high-rise building that generally has over 40 floors and is taller than approximately 150 m (492 ft); historically, the term first referred to buildings with 10 to 20 floors in the 1880s, but the definition shifted with advancing construction technology during the 20th century
Slow-growth cities
cities that have slower growth rates than most cities, often as the result of plans to limit rapid, unchecked expansion
Smart growth
a set of policies in the US to preserve farmland and other open, undeveloped spaces near a city
Southeast Asian City Model
created by T.G. McGee in 1937; features old colonial port zone as a focal point, no formal CBD, elements of CBD in different zones; e.g., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Jakarta, Indonesia
Squatter settlement
slums on the periphery of cities
Suburbanization
the process of people moving from cities to adjacent residential areas
Transportation-oriented development
a type of urban development that maximizes the amount of residential, business and leisure space within walking distance of public transport
Urban decay
(also known as urban rot and urban blight) is the sociological process by which a previously functioning city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair
Urban growth boundaries
a regional boundary, set in an attempt to control urban sprawl by, in its simplest form, mandating that the area inside the boundary be used for urban development and the area outside be preserved in its natural state or used for agriculture
Urban renewal
the redevelopment of areas within a city, typically involving the clearance of slums
Urban sprawl
the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas
Urbanization
the movement of people from the countryside to towns and cities
Urbanized area
Includes the central city and the built-up surrounding areas where population density exceeds 1,000 people per square mile
Vertical geography
considers the use of space above and below street level in a densely populated urban environment
Walkability
the overall level of comfort, access, enjoyment, and connectivity of an area that facilitates walking
World city
dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy; center of the flow of information and capital
Zone of abandonment
areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons
Zone of in situ accretion
a transitional area for Latin American cities between the zone of maturity and the zone of peripheral squatter settlements; homes vary widely in size, type, and quality of materials
Zone of transition
area between the factory zone and the working-class zone in the concentric zone model of urban structure devised by Ernest Burgess; an area of flux where the land use is changing
Borchert’s Epochs of Urban Growth
John Borchert’s model (1967) recognized four epochs in the evolution of the American metropolis based on the impact of transportation and communication:
* 1) Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830) – associated with low technology
* 2) Iron Horse Epoch (1830-70) – steam-powered locomotive and spreading rails
* 3) Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920) – full impact of Industrial Revolution (steel), hinterlands expand
* 4) Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-70) – gas-powered internal combustion engine
* High Technology Epoch (1970-today) – expansion of service and information industries (not part of Borchert’s model)
