Unit 4 Vocab - All Words Flashcards
Administered
boundary that has regulations and laws in place to ensure that the boundary is maintained and to determine how people and goods will cross it
African Union
an organization of African states established in 2002 as successor to the OAU; it aims to encourage economic development and political stability through increased cooperation between its members
Antarctic Treaty
regulates international relations with respect to Antarctica, defined as all of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude; entered into force in 1961 and currently has 54 parties; sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, establishes freedom of scientific investigation, and bans military activity on the continent
Antecedent boundary
created before the present cultural landscape emerged
Arctic Council
intergovernmental forum that addresses issues faced by Arctic governments and indigenous people from the Arctic
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations; organization of southeast Asian countries to promote cultural, economic, or political development
Autonomous region
an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority; it is typical for it to be geographically distant from the country, or to be populated by a national minority
Berlin Conference
1884-85, regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany’s sudden emergence as an imperial power
Buffer zone
a neutral area serving to separate hostile forces or nations
Choke point
a strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another region; at sea this is usually a strait
City-state
a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland
Colonialism
attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory
Consequent boundary
a specific kind of subsequent boundary; lines are drawn to respect cultural differences in a population
Defined
defining a boundary is accomplished through the use of treaties to clearly establish the specific limits of a state’s territorial extent
Delimited
when a boundary is drawn on a map
Demarcated
a boundary that has had physical reminders placed along it such as towers, checkpoints, and walls
Demilitarized zones
area in which treaties or agreements between nations, military powers or contending groups forbid military installations, activities or personnel
Democratization
the process of moving a nation’s government from an authoritative (dictatorship) to a democratic system of government
Devolution
movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state or breakup of a large state into several independent ones
DMZ
the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) along the North-South Korean border is the most heavily armed military area in the world
EEZ
Exclusive Economic Zone; a seazone over which a state has special rights to the exploration and use of marine resources, including production of energy from water and wind; stretches from the seaward edge of the state’s territorial sea out to 200 nautical miles from its coast.
Enclave
territory entirely surrounded by another territory
Ethnic separatism
advocacy for the separation of an ethnic group from the remaining population of a state; often refers to full political secession, but separatist groups may seek nothing more than greater autonomy within a state
Ethnocultural
relating to or denoting a particular ethnic group; describing an ethnic group that has a distinct culture
Ethnographic boundary
a boundary line that runs along differences in ethnicity, such as language and religion
Ethnonationalism
ethnic nationalism, also known as ethnonationalism, is a form of nationalism wherein the nation is defined in terms of ethnicity
EU
European Union; an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members
Exclave
territory legally or politically attached to a territory with which it is not physically contiguous
Exclusionary boundary
meant to keep people out
Extraterritoriality
exemption from the jurisdiction of a host country
Federal state
a system of government where power is shared between a centralized government and various regional authorities; the United States is a federal country because power is shared between the national government and the governments of the various states
Forward capital
a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons; sometimes used to integrate outlying parts of a country into the state
Geometric boundary
straight lines drawn on a map, which may or may not follow a parallel or meridian
Gerrymandering
redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power
Imperialism
control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society
Inclusionary boundary
meant to facilitate trade and movement
Irredentism
any political or popular movement that seeks to claim or reclaim and occupy a land that the movement’s members consider to be a “lost” (or “unredeemed”) territory from their nation’s past
Landlocked
lack direct outlet to the sea because they are completely surrounded by other countries
Median line principle
states that when there is not enough space to have a 200-mile exclusive economic zone, two countries equally split the area; in other words, a line is drawn exactly equidistant from the shore of each country to determine water rights
Mercantilism
economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
Microstate
a country that is small in both population and area
Multinational state
contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities
Multistate nation
a nation that operates many states within the nation; e.g. Korea – the Korean nationality is split between the sovereign states of North Korea and South Korea
Nation
a culturally defined group of people with a shared past and a common future who relate to a territory and have political goals (ranging from autonomy to statehood)
Nation-state
a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; purpose to unify and strengthen the Western Allies’ military response to a possible invasion of western Europe by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies
Neocolonialism
refers to the continued economic dependence of colonies on their former occupiers. The implication of the term is that, although the colonial powers no longer exert political or militaristic control over the former colonies, they are still able to control the population of these countries to variable degrees through economic and cultural processes.
Physical boundary
use natural landforms and obstacles as a cue for the creation of political boundaries
Redistricting
the drawing of new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes
Relic boundary
no longer functional as a boundary but still exists and is visible on the cultural landscape or the impact is still felt
Self-determination
the process by which a group of people form their own state and choose their own government
Semiautonomous region
largely self-governing within a larger political or organizational entity but with oversight by larger entity
Shatterbelt
a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals
Sovereignty
ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
State
a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by a significant portion of the international community; has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other states
Stateless nation
an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation-state
Subsequent boundary
created as a result of a long-term process, taking into account numerous factors when being drawn
Superimposed boundary
placed by outsiders on a developed landscape, usually ignoring pre-existing cultural boundaries
Supranationalism
collections of individual states with a common economic and/or political goal that diminishes individual state sovereignty in favor of collective group interests
Territoriality
the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land
Terrorism
systematic use of violence by a group to intimidate a population or coerce a government into meeting its demands; typically targets civilians
UN
United Nations; international organization formed in 1945 to increase political and economic cooperation among member countries; works on economic and social development programs, improving human rights and reducing global conflicts
UNCLOS
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; effective in 1994, the agreement standardized territorial limits for most countries at 12 nautical miles (1 nautical mile ~ 1.15 miles), while exclusive rights to fish and other marine life within 200 miles of the coast
Unitary state
laws are administered uniformly by one central government
