Unit 2 Test Flashcards
Example Push Factors
- Unemployment / financial insecurity / poverty
- Insecurity; terrorism, violence, crime
- scarcity of land and resources
- political instability and war
- environment insecurity: droughts, flooding, famine
- Lacking quality of life for self and children (eduction, healthcare access, etc)
Example Pull Factors
- Availability of jobs and improving financial situation
- Religious freedom
- Political freedom
- fertile land and/or availability of resources
- Environmental security: little to no risk of droughts, flooding, famine
- Overall improvement in quality of life for self and children (education, healthcare access, etc…)
Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Model
Ravenstein’s Principles of Migration
What factors influence the distribution of human populations at different scales
- Physical factors (e.g., climate, landforms, water bodies) and human factors (e.g., culture, economics, history, politics) influence the distribution of population.
- Factors that illustrate patterns of population distribution vary according to the scale of analysis.
Define methods geographers use to calculate population density
- arithmetic density
- physiological density
- agricultural density
Explain the differences between and the impact of methods used to calculate population density
The method used to calculate population density reveals different information about the pressure the population exerts on the land.
Explain how population distribution and density affect society and the environment.
- Population distribution and density affect political, economic and social processes, including the provision of services such as medical care.
- Population distribution and density affect the environment and natural resources; this is known as carrying capacity.
Describe elements of population composition used by geographers
Patterns of age structure and sex ratio vary across different regions and may be mapped and analyzed at different scales.
Explain ways that geographers depict and analyze population composition.
Population pyramids are used to assess population growth and decline and predict markets for goods and services.
Explanation of Arithmetic Density
- The most common measure of population density
- This is the total number of people divided by total land area. This measurement tells geographers where people live.
Explanation of Physiological Density
- First measurement geographer’s use to understand the why people live where they do,
- measures the number of people per unit area of arable land.
-This measure helps geographers understand the capacity of the land to yield enough food for the needs of the people. - Land suited for agriculture is called arable land.
Explanation of Agricultural Density
- The second measurement helping geographers answer “why” people live where they do is known as agricultural density
- The number of farmers to the amount of arable land.
- While two nations can have similar a physiological density, they can have very different agricultural densities due to differing economic conditions.
What is the discipline of demography
Within geography is the discipline of demography, which focuses on studying population of people. Demographers look specifically at how factors like age, gender, occupation, fertility, health and economic development affect how and where people are distributed. Their work is the basis for much of the data discussed in this module.
Description of carrying capacity
- Carrying capacity is the maximum population a place can sustain with the available resources, such as food and water.
- This factor is affected by two things:
- 1) the natural environment
- 2) humans actions in the environment in regards to agriculture, industry and use of other raw materials.
- The capacity of land to sustain a population is threatened by overpopulation, which occurs when the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life with a decent standard of living (health, happiness and comfort) and leave the place sustainable for future generations.
Where do 2/3 of the world’s people live
Four regions
- East Asia
- South Asia
- Southeast Asia
- Europe
What are common characteristics of the regions where 2/3 of the world’s population lives
- low-lying fertile land
- temperate climate zones
- access to water via a river and/or ocean
- more people live closer to the coastline than inland
Has the ecumeme (areas of EArth with permanent settlements) increased over time?
Yes
3/4ths of the world’s population live on about _____% of the Earth’s surfac
5%
Description of census
- The Census is the single most important data source related to people, places and the economy.
- In the USA, we have counted the population every decade since 1790.
- The writers of our US Constitution established population, not wealth or land, as the basis for power in our nation and ordered an apportionment count every 10 years.
Information on the population pyramid
- The Population Pyramid helps geographers to estimate the stage of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) a nation is in.
- It can also be used to estimate if a nation is a less developed country (LDC) or more developed country (MDC) and whether or not the nation’s population is expanding, stagnant (stationary) or shrinking (contracting).
- The population pyramid is a bar graph that displays a nation’s population based on two factors: 1) age and 2) sex.
- Each of the bars represent five year increments of age with males represented on the left and females on the right.
- The overall shape of the pyramid is how geographers use the bar graph to determine the proximity within the DTM.
- There are three main age groups represented, two of them are classified as part of the dependency ratio which is the number of people who are either too young or too old to work.
- Dependents are typically classified as <15 or >65. In between these two groups is the third group, those people considered to be in their productive years, both in terms of working / labor and child-bearing.
4 Basic Shapes of Population Pyramids
Explain how population distribution and density affect society and the environment.
Population distribution and density affect political, economic and social processes, including the provision of services such as medical car
Describe elements of population composition used by geographers.
Patterns of age structure and sex ratio vary across different regions and may be mapped and analyzed at different scales.
Explain ways that geographers depict and analyze population composition.
Population pyramids are used to assess population growth and decline and predict markets for goods and services.
Changes in population are due to mortality, fertility and migration, which are influenced by the interplay of environmental, economic, cultural and political factors.
Changes in population are due to mortality, fertility and migration, which are influenced by the interplay of environmental, economic, cultural and political factors.
Explain factors that account for contemporary and historical trends in population growth and decline.
- Demographic factors that determine a population’s growth and decline are fertility, mortality and migration.
- Geographers use the rate of natural increase and population-doubling time to explain population growth and decline.
- Social, cultural, political and economic factors influence fertility, mortality and migration rates.
Explain theories of population growth and decline.
- The demographic transition model can be used to explain population change over time.
- The epidemiological transition explains causes of changing death rates.
- Malthusian theory and its critiques are used to analyze population changes and its consequence
Changes in population have long- and short-term effects on a place’s economy, culture and politics.
Changes in population have long- and short-term effects on a place’s economy, culture and politics.
Explain how the changing role of females has demographic consequences in different parts of the world.
Changing social values and access to education, employment, health care and contraception have reduced fertility rates in most parts of the world
Explain the causes and consequences of an aging population.
- Population aging is determined by birth and death rates and life expectancy.
- An aging population has political, social and economic consequences, including the dependency ratio.
CBR tends to be much higher in Less Developed Countries for a number of reasons:
- Lack of access to/knowledge of birth control
- Male-dominated societies that do not allow women to have a choice in family planning
- Agriculturally-rooted notions of a need for large families to help on the farm
CDR is actually not a good indicator of development.
- In fact, CDR is higher in some More Developed Countries than it is in some Less Developed Countries.
- The answer is simple: More Old People.
- Rich countries have been keeping their population alive for a very long time and, therefore, have a much higher average age and a higher population of elderly citizens.
- But they can’t live forever. Some Less Developed Countries (like India, China, and Mexico) have entered a stage where they now have access to better medical technology and the population is just beginning to live longer but the large groups of elderly people are not dying off yet.
CDR an unreliable predictor of economic development.
- There are, however, some countries that have poor economies and a lack of infrastructure, which leads to the highest death rates in the world.
- Many of these countries are in sub-Saharan Africa, as seen in the chart below.
- This is due to a lack of access to reliable medical treatment, the prevalence of infectious diseases, and poverty.
How do you determine the NIR
- The Natural Increase Rate is reached by subtracting CBR (number added to a population each year) from CDR (number subtracted from a population each year) after converting numbers per 1,000 to percentage.
- The current global NIR is 1.2. This means that the world population is growing by 1.2% each year.
- This may not seem like much. 1.2% of $100 is only $1.20. But when you consider that this means 1.2% of an already large number, it is significant.
When did the NIR peak?
1963 and has been falling ever since
Demographic momentum - population continues to build upon itself - we add close to 80 million people to the global population per year
What countries have shorter Doubling time: developing nations or developed countries?
- Developing nations due to their higher birth rates
- More than 95% of the world’s natural increase is in LDCs.
Examples of TFR
- The global TFR is 2.6. In sub-Saharan Africa, it is more than 5.0.
- The TFR for Europe is less than 1.9.
- Why might these numbers be of concern for both sub-Saharan African countries and for European countries?
- Despite the alarming numbers out of sub-Saharan Africa (when compared to Europe’s low numbers), these numbers represent progress.
- It is often a better indicator of progress to compare a country’s current conditions to its past conditions than to compare two countries in the present.
- Conditions have gotten better everywhere over the last 50 years and are still trending in that direction.
- Changing social values and access to education, employment, health care, and contraception have reduced fertility rates in most parts of the world.
What can the life expectancy of women tell you about a country?
- Life expectancy for women can also tell you something about a country’s level of development.
- In societies where women are more equal to men (MDCs), women have longer life expectancies.
- In fact, women tend to outlive men. In LDCs, conditions are harsher for women and the gap between female and male life expectancy is much closer.
- In some LDCs, men live longer than women.
Explain how population distribution and density affect society and the environment.
Population distribution and density affect political, economic and social processes, including the provision of services such as medical care.
Describe elements of population composition used by geographers.
Patterns of age structure and sex ratio vary across different regions and may be mapped and analyzed at different scales.
Explain ways that geographers depict and analyze population composition.
Population pyramids are used to assess population growth and decline and predict markets for goods and services.
Explain factors that account for contemporary and historical trends in population growth and decline.
- Demographic factors that determine a population’s growth and decline are fertility, mortality and migration.
- Geographers use the rate of natural increase and population-doubling time to explain population growth and decline.
- Social, cultural, political and economic factors influence fertility, mortality and migration rates.
Explain theories of population growth and decline.
- The demographic transition model can be used to explain population change over time.
- The epidemiological transition explains causes of changing death rates.
- Malthusian theory and its critiques are used to analyze population changes and its consequence.
Explain how the changing role of females has demographic consequences in different parts of the world.
Changing social values and access to education, employment, health care and contraception have reduced fertility rates in most parts of the world.
Explain the causes and consequences of an aging population
- Population aging is determined by birth and death rates and life expectancy.
- An aging population has political, social and economic consequences, including the dependency ratio.
Explain how population distribution and density affect society and the environment.
Population distribution and density affect political, economic and social processes, including the provision of services such as medical care.
Describe elements of population composition used by geographers.
Patterns of age structure and sex ratio vary across different regions and may be mapped and analyzed at different scales.
Explain ways that geographers depict and analyze population composition.
Population pyramids are used to assess population growth and decline and predict markets for goods and services.
Explain factors that account for contemporary and historical trends in population growth and decline.
- Demographic factors that determine a population’s growth and decline are fertility, mortality and migration
- Geographers use the rate of natural increase and population-doubling time to explain population growth and decline.
- Social, cultural, political and economic factors influence fertility, mortality and migration rates
Explain theories of population growth and decline.
- The demographic transition model can be used to explain population change over time.
- The epidemiological transition explains causes of changing death rates.
- Malthusian theory and its critiques are used to analyze population changes and its consequence.
Explain how different causal factors encourage migration.
- Migration is commonly divided into push factors and pull factors.
- Push / pull factors are intervening opportunities / obstacles can be cultural, demographic, economic, environmental or political.
Describe types of forced and voluntary migration.
- Forced migration include slavery and events that produce refugees, internally displaced persons and asylum seekers.
- Types of voluntary migration include transnational, transhumance, internal, chain, step, guest worker and rural-to-urban.
Explain historical and contemporary geographic effects of migration.
Migration has political, economic and cultural effects
Explain the intent and effects of various population and immigration policies on population size and composition
Types of population policies include those that promote or discourage population growth, such as pro-natalist, anti-natalist and immigration policie
Explain how the changing role of females has demographic consequences in different parts of the world.
- Changing social values and access to education, employment, health care and contraception have reduced fertility rates in most parts of the world.
- Changing social, economic and political roles for females have influenced patterns of fertility, mortality and migration, as illustrated by Ravenstein’s laws of migration
Explain the causes and consequences of an aging population.
- Population aging is determined by birth and death rates and life expectancy.
- An aging population has political, social and economic consequences, including the dependency ratio.
Explain factors that account for contemporary and historical trends in population growth and decline
- Demographic factors that determine a population’s growth and decline are fertility, mortality and migration.
- Social, cultural, political and economic factors influence fertility, mortality and migration rates.
Explain how different causal factors encourage migration.
- Migration is commonly divided into push factors and pull factors.
- Push / pull factors are intervening opportunities / obstacles can be cultural, demographic, economic, environmental or political.
Describe types of forced and voluntary migration.
- Forced migration include slavery and events that produce refugees, internally displaced persons and asylum seekers.
- Types of voluntary migration include transnational, transhumance, internal, chain, step, guest worker and rural-to-urban.
Explain historical and contemporary geographic effects of migration.
Migration has political, economic and cultural effects.
Explain the intent and effects of various population and immigration policies on population size and composition
Types of population policies include those that promote or discourage population growth, such as pro-natalist, anti-natalist and immigration policies.
Explain how the changing role of females has demographic consequences in different parts of the world.
Changing social, economic and political roles for females have influenced patterns of fertility, mortality and migration, as illustrated by Ravenstein’s laws of migration.
Explain the causes and consequences of an aging population.
An aging population has political, social and economic consequences, including the dependency ratio.
