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Madison’s Ceramics > Unit 3 All Words > Flashcards

Unit 3 All Words Flashcards

1
Q

Abrahamic

A

denoting any or all of the religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) that revere Abraham, the Biblical patriarch

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2
Q

Acculturation

A

when a minority ethnic group adopts the values and practices of the dominant culture, but still maintains major elements of their own culture

Examples
- Learning a new language
- Adopting a new culture’s slang words
- Following new culture’s sports teams

https://helpfulprofessor.com/acculturation-examples/

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3
Q

Amish

A

a group of traditionalist Christian church fellowships with Swiss German Anabaptist origins; known for simple living, plain dress, and reluctance to adopt many conveniences of modern technology

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4
Q

Anatolian Hearth Theory

A

theory for the origin and diffusion of Indo-European languages proposed by Colin Renfrew that states that diffusion started from an Anatolian hearth (modern Turkey) and spread with farmers whose agricultural practices made them more successful and therefore able to outnumber other language groups and spread into Europe and SW Asia; also known as Sedentary Farmer Thesis

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5
Q

Animism

A

the belief that inanimate objects or natural events have spirits and conscious life

Can be seen in Shinto, Hinduism, Buddhism, etc.

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6
Q

Assimilation

A

the loss of native cultural characteristics to a dominant culture

Example: A new immigrant from Mexico learns how to speak English after enrolling in an American school

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7
Q

Branch

A

a large, fundamental division within a religion

Example: Protestants “branching” away from Catholicism

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8
Q

Buddhism

A

the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth

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9
Q

Centrifugal force

A

divide a state (lead to balkanization/devolution, disrupt internal order, destabilize, weaken)

Example: Differences in religious beliefs (Shiite vs Sunni Mulsims in Iraq), culture, economic activity (poor vs rich areas)

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10
Q

Centripetal force

A

unify a state (provide stability, strengthen, bind together, create solidarity)

Example: good infrastructure in a country, Judaism in Israel, sports teams (country coming together to cheer during Olympics)

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11
Q

Christianity

A

a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as embodied in the New Testament, emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior

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12
Q

Church

A

a building used for public Christian worship

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13
Q

Colonialism

A

an attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economical, and cultural principles in another territory

Example: Spanish colonizing South America, countries wanted to colonize Moon/Mars

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14
Q

Creolization

A

process in which two or more languages converge and form a new language (used to describe languages in the Caribbean when slavery and colonization merged cultures)

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15
Q

Cultural convergence

A

the tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a modern world united by improved transportation and communication

Example: K-Pop music (American and Korean influences), Netflix shows movies from across the world

https://helpfulprofessor.com/cultural-convergence-examples/

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16
Q

Cultural divergence

A

the restriction of a culture from outside cultural influences

example: Amish in America (choose to limit contact with other cultures)

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17
Q

Cultural hearth

A

place from which an innovation originates

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18
Q

Cultural landscape

A

the cultural impacts on an area, including buildings, agricultural patterns, roads, signs, and nearly everything else that humans have created

Reflects the people who lived there - gives clues to how they lived, what they valued and how they interacted with the land.

Example:
- Great Wall of China
- Stonehenge
- Taj Mahal and its gardens
- Cathedrals in Europe

https://helpfulprofessor.com/cultural-landscape-examples/

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19
Q

Cultural relativism

A

the principle that an individual human’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture

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20
Q

Cultural traits

A

the specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture

Distinguishing elements or components that make up a culture.

Example:
- language
- Religion
- Accent
- Common History
- Taboos
- Traditions (wearing halloween costumes)
- Standards of beauty
- Types of recreation
- Rituals
- Music
- Architecture
- Games and Sports
- Common cultural values and principles
- Fashion
- Gender norms

https://helpfulprofessor.com/cultural-traits-examples/

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21
Q

Culture

A

the way of life of a particular people, especially as shown in their ordinary behavior and habits, their attitudes toward each other, and their moral and religious beliefs

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22
Q

Denomination

A

a division within a branch that unites local congregations in a single administrative body

Example: Lutheran, Methodist, Baptism within the BRANCH of Protestant

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23
Q

Dialect

A

regional variation of a language with distinctive vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation

Example: Southern American English, Australian English, Chilean vs Mexican Spanish

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24
Q

Diffusion

A

process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time

Example: Islam spread throughout the world yet stayed strong in Middle East where it was founded

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25
Q

Relocation diffusion

A

spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

  • people pick up and move to a distant place possibly skipping over the area in between
  • you could have places in-between 2 cities, for example, that don’t have the culture but both cities do.

https://helpfulprofessor.com/relocation-diffusion-examples/

Example:
- Diffusion of Indian curry (Food) - Indians moved and brought it with them.
- Blues music: Black Americans moved from rural south to urban North in mid-20th century bringing blues music to Chicago
- Amish: Anabaptists moved from Europe to America centuries ago.

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26
Q

Expansion diffusion

A

spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process

-spreads rapidly but stays relevant in original place
- the culture starts in one place and expands from there…but the expansion grows outward.
- you would NOT skip places (like in relocation diffusion) because this is like a puddle spreading out ( covers everything)

Contagioius, hierarchical and stimulus diffusion are all types of expansion diffusion

Examples:
- Hollywood
- rise of skinny jeans

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27
Q

Contagious diffusion

A

rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

Relies on direct person-to-person contact for spread of ideas, information and knowledge.

  • type of expansion diffusion
  • occurs between people of different cultures
  • occurs equally whether rich or poor
  • ideas take hold much faster than any other type of diffusion

Example
- Viral internet content
- Tea drinking (until 17th century it was only in China/East Asia - then British brought it back and it went crazy across the world)

https://helpfulprofessor.com/contagious-diffusion-examples/

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28
Q

Hierarchical diffusion

A

spread of an idea from individuals or centers of authority or power to others

  • spreads across social classes from top (rich/popular) to bottom (poor/outcasts)
  • extends from influential places (e.g., New York) to less influential areas (e.g., York County)

Examples:
- new trends in clothings styles start in Paris/London/New York and spread to smaller cities (Boston, Chicago) and then to smaller towns

https://helpfulprofessor.com/hierarchical-diffusion-examples/

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29
Q

Stimulus diffusion

A

spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself fails to diffuse

  • culture changes as it interacts with and is adopted by new cultures
  • culture may or may not change at the source as it spreads
  • underlying principle of the culture does not change although its characteristics change

Examples:
- a religion that started in City A spreads to surrounding regions, but is synthesized (merged) with existing religions rather than staying as it originally was
- Football culture: traditional soccer merged into Rugby Union in upper classes of England, Rugby League in lower classes of England and American Football in the US.

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30
Q

Ethnic culture

A

based on a shared understanding of history and territorial origins (regional and national) of an ethnic group or community, as well as on particular cultural characteristics such as language and/or religion

31
Q

Ethnic religion

A

appeals primarily to one group living in one place

Most often practiced within a certain ethnic group due to cultural beliefs and values which connect them closely to their ancestral roots.

Examples
- Hinduism: one of oldest ethnic religeons
- Judaism
- Shinto: Japan’s ancient religeon with belief in numerous kami (spirits) representing natural forces inhabiting mountains, rivers, rocks, etc.

https://helpfulprofessor.com/ethnic-religion-examples/

32
Q

Ethnicity

A

identity with a group who share cultural traditions of a particular homeland

PEOPLE who share a CULTURE from a PLACE

Different from Nationality - Nationality is the legal membership in a nation (on your passport)

You can be of American nationality but of Hispanic/Latino ethnicity

33
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

tendency to evaluate other cultures against the standards of one’s own culture

Believe your culture is natural and correct while other people’s cultures are incorrect, unnatural or inferior

Example
- Expecting others to speak English
- Thinking you don’t have an accent but everyone else does have one.
- Assimilation in general

https://helpfulprofessor.com/examples-of-ethnocentrism/

34
Q

Folk culture

A

culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups

  • one of main divisions of material culture
  • tends to remain consistent over generations
  • varies from community to community
  • obstructed (hidden) by mass media
  • originals in a rural hearth
  • result of cultural isolation

Examples
- Amish people or Irish Travelers (Gypsies)
- American Indian traditional dances
- Regional dialects in England (Person from East End of London sounds very different than someone from Scotland)
- Regional Food - New England clam chowder (White) vs Manhattan clam chowder (Red) vs Rhode Island clam chowder (Clear)

https://helpfulprofessor.com/folk-culture-examples/

35
Q

Fundamentalism

A

the belief in the original form of a religion or theory, without accepting any later ideas

36
Q

Gender

A

social differences between men and women, rather than the anatomical, biological differences between the sexes

37
Q

Gender roles

A

conveys the idea that there are certain social expectations and rights associated with being a man or a woman

38
Q

Heterogeneous

A

diverse in character or content; dissimilar

39
Q

Hinduism

A

ethnic religion and the main religion of India which includes the worship of many gods and the belief that after you die you return to life in a different form

40
Q

Homogeneous

A

of the same kind; alike

41
Q

Imperialism

A

the practice of a country extending its power and influence over other countries, typically through the use of military force, economic coercion, or cultural domination

42
Q

Indigenous

A

people or objects native to a certain region or environment

43
Q

Indo-European

A

a family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India

44
Q

Islam

A

a universalizing religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Heaven and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran

45
Q

Isogloss

A

word-usage boundary;

shows which words/phrases are unique to particular regions

Different ways American refer to carbonated beverages

46
Q

Judaism

A

a monotheistic ethnic religion of Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles in the sacred Torah and in the Talmud

47
Q

Kurgan Hypothesis

A

theory for the origin and diffusion of Indo-European languages proposed by Marija Gimbutas that states that the diffusion started with the Kurgan people from the Russian steppes (4300 BC), nomadic herders that used domesticated horses to conquer much of Europe and South Asia between 3500 and 2500 BC, bringing their language with them; also known as the Nomadic Warrior Thesis

48
Q

Language

A

system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds a group of people understands to have the same meaning

49
Q

Language branch

A

languages related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago; differences not as old or as extensive as with language families

Example
- Family: Indo-European
- Branch: Germanic and Italic
- Group: Romance under Italic

50
Q

Language family

A

collection of languages related through common ancestral language that existed before recorded history

Examples
- Indo-European (English, Greek)
- Afro-Asiatic (Egyptian, Arabic, Hebrew)
- Sinitic (Mandarin Chinese)

51
Q

Language group

A

languages within a branch with a common origin in the relatively recent past and few differences in grammar and vocabulary

Examples
- Romance group: French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish (share common origin in Latin but developed independently)

52
Q

Lingua franca

A

language that facilitates communication or trade between people who speak different native languages;

the original lingua franca was a language used to facilitate trade among the linguistically diverse inhabitants of the Mediterranean (Italian, French, Spanish, Greek, Arabic…)

Examples
- English: considered first common lingua franca - the “World’s Lingua Franca”
- Malay: used by Arab and Chinese traders before Europeans arrived

53
Q

Material culture

A

the tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles and technologies

Anything that can be physically seen on the landscape

Values items such as tools, weapons, machines, buldings, clothing, furniture, and artifacts that are physically tangible (you can touch)

If all human beings in the world disappeared, examples of material culture would still be around but nonmaterial culture stuff would disappear as well

Different/opposite to Nonmaterial culture (values things you cannot touch)

54
Q

Mosque

A

the traditional Muslim place of worship; architecturally, it often features a minaret, or onion-shaped dome, on top

55
Q

Multiculturalism

A

the coexistence of several cultures in one society, with the ideal of all cultures being valued and worthy of study;

“Mixed Salad” concept (putting everything together makes it better than the pieces by themselves)

a multicultural society can result when people from many different countries migrate to one place, or an empire conquers many countries

Example: New York City

56
Q

Nonmaterial Culture

A

anything that comprises culture that cannot be physically touched (e.g., language and religion)

57
Q

Pagoda

A

a tower in eastern Asia usually with roofs curving upward at the division of each of several stories and erected as a temple or memorial

58
Q

Pidgin Language

A

mixture of a lingua franca and a second language, no native speakers

a combination of two or more languages into one fluid and changeable dialect

Pidgin is often incomprehensible to speakers of the original languages

59
Q

Placemaking

A

the process of creating quality places that people want to live, work, play, and learn in

It is about people - how they make a place feel special

60
Q

Popular Culture

A

found in large, heterogeneous societies that cover large areas and share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics

  • one of main division of material culture
  • experiences dramatic change over time
  • uniform over a wide geographic area
  • originates in an urban hearth
  • aided by the influence of mass media
  • Result of cultural diffusion
61
Q

Postmodern Architecture

A

decries the modern architectural emphasis on efficiency and industry;

instead tries to design buildings that are visually pleasing to human beings and provide modern humans with a link to their past

a reaction in architectural design to the felling of sterile alienation that may people get from modern architecture.
- Postmodernism uses older, historical styles and a sense of lightheartedness and eclecticism.
- Buildings combine pleasant-looking forms and playful colors to convey new ideas and to create spaces that are more people-friendly than their modernist predecessors.

62
Q

Religion

A

a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities

63
Q

Sacred Site

A

the geographic intersection between the divine and the mortal

place or space people infuse with religious meaning

Examples
- Mona Kea volcano on Big Island of Hawaii (to Native Hawaiians)
- Ganges River for Hinduism
- Mecca for Islam
- Church of the Nativity (in Bethlehem) for Christianity
- Western Wall for Judaism

64
Q

Sect

A

a small group that has broken away from a denomination

Examples
- Mormons (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) - started as Sect and is now a denomination
- Sunni and Shia Islam are Sects of Islam
- Community of the Lady of All Nations: Sect of Catholic Church

65
Q

Sense of Place

A

a characteristic that some geographic places have and some do not, while to others it is a feeling or perception held by people;

often used in relation to those characteristics that make a place special or unique, as well as to those that foster a sense of authentic human attachment and belonging

Very unique concept for each person - different people can think about the same place but it be very different for each person

Examples
- A person’s parent’s home
- Paris and how the Eiffel Tower sets it apart and makes it distinct

66
Q

Sequent Occupancy

A

the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

Example
- Bolivia’s cultural landscape includes imprints/influences from early Inca civilization and Spanish colonial conquerors (colonialism)
- Egypt has the Great Pyramids - made roughly 2550 to 2490 BC and now a tourist attraction

67
Q

Shia

A

the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

68
Q

Sikhism

A

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

69
Q

Sunni

A

a branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

70
Q

Synagogue

A

the building where a Jewish assembly or congregation meets for religious worship and instruction

71
Q

Syncretism

A

is the merging of various characteristics (e.g., beliefs, cultures) into a new culture

Example
- Cajun culture: blend of French, Spanish and AFrican influence in Southwest Louisiana
- Latin Alphabet: emerged from the Etruscan letters, Greek alphabet and Phoenician culture.
- Rastafarianism: Ethnic religion formed in 1930s in Jamaica from African culture, Marcus Garvey’s teaching about black pride and self-sufficiency and Judaism.
- Christmas Tree: blend of pagan and christian traditions.

https://helpfulprofessor.com/syncretism-examples/

72
Q

Taboo

A

a restriction on behavior imposed by social custom

Example
- Failure to tip at a restaurant (taboo in USA but not in Europe)
- Swearing (worldwide)
- Eating Pork (taboo in Judaism and Islam)

https://helpfulprofessor.com/taboo-examples-cultural-religious-food/

73
Q

Terroir

A

the contribution of a location’s distinctive physical features to the way food tastes

74
Q

Universalizing Religion

A

attempts to be global, to appeal to all, not just those of one culture or place

type of religion that seek to spread their message and teachings to people of all ethnic backgrounds (different from/opposite to Ethnic Religion)

often actively seek out non-believers from different backgrounds, regardless of ethnicity, to bring more followers into the religion.

Examples
- Christianity
- Islam
- Buddhism

Madison’s Ceramics (12 decks)

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