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AP Human Geography > Unit 6 & 7 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 6 & 7 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Urbanization

A

the process of developing towns and cities

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2
Q

Site

A

describes the characteristics at the immediate location

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3
Q

Situation

A

refers to the location of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other places

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4
Q

City-state

A

consisted of an urban center and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages
-has its own political system and functioned independently from others

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5
Q

Urban Hearth

A

area generally associated with defensible sites and river valleys in which seasonal floods and fertile soils allowed for an agricultural surplus

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6
Q

Urban area

A

a central city plus the land developed for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes

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7
Q

Metropolitan area

A

a collection of adjacent cities economically connected, across which population density it high and continuous

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8
Q

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

A

consists of a city of a least 50,000 people

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9
Q

Micropolitan Statistical Ares

A

more than 10,000 people but less that 50,000 people

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10
Q

Time-space compression

A

the shrinking “time-distant”, or relative distance, between locations because of improved methods of transportation and communication

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11
Q

Suburbanization

A

involves the process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas on the outskirts of cities

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12
Q

Urban sprawl

A

the rapid expansion of the spatial extent of a city occurs for numerous reasons
spreads outwards

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13
Q

Edge Cities

A

nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities

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14
Q

Counter-urbanization or deurbanization

A

the counter-flow of urban residents leaving cities

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15
Q

Reurbanization

A

when some suburbs return to live in the city

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16
Q

Megacities

A

have a population of over 10 million people

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17
Q

Metacities

A

have a population of over 20 million people

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18
Q

Megalopolis

A

a chain of connected cities

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19
Q

World Cities

A

cities that exert influence far beyond their national boundaries

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20
Q

Urban hierarchy

A

ranking, based on influence or population size

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21
Q

Rank-size rule

A

states that nth largest city in any region will be 1/n the size of the largest city

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22
Q

Primate city

A

if the largest city in an urban system is more than twice as large as the next largest city

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23
Q

Central Place

A

the distance people go to receive goods and services

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24
Q

Threshold

A

the size of population needs for any particular service to exist and remain profitable

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25
Q

Range

A

the distance people will go to obtain specific goods or services

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26
Q

Market area

A

or zone that contains people who will purchase goods or services, surrounds each central place

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27
Q

Functional zonation

A

the idea that portions of an urban area - regions, or zones within a city - have specific and distinct purposes

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28
Q

Central business district (CBD)

A

the commercial heart of a city

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29
Q

Zoning Ordinances

A

regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions may be used

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30
Q

Disamenity zones

A

area not connected to city services and under the control of criminals

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31
Q

Squatter settlements

A

the periphery of cities often consists of densely populated informal settlements

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32
Q

Residential density gradient

A

as one moves farther from the inner city, pop. and housing-unit density declines, and types of housing changes

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33
Q

Filtering

A

houses pass from one social group to another

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34
Q

Urban infill

A

the process of increasing the residential density of an area by replacing open spaces and vacant housing with residences

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35
Q

Infrastructure

A

the facilities and systems that serve a population

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36
Q

Municipal

A

the local government of a city or town and the services it provides

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37
Q

Smart-Growth policies

A

to combat urban sprawl and create a new visions for cities that are more sustainable and equitable

38
Q

Greenbelts

A

areas of undeveloped land around an urban area, have been created to limit a city’s growth and preserve farmland

39
Q

Slow-growth cities

A

adopts policies to slow the growth outwards of urban areas and place limits on building permits in order to encourage a denser, more compact city

40
Q

New urban design

A

to put smart growth policies into action

41
Q

Livability

A

a set of principals that supports sustainable urban designs

42
Q

Census tracts

A

contiguous geographic region that functions as the foundation of a census

43
Q

Census block

A

in a densely populated urban area is often very small, consisting of a single block bounded by four streets

44
Q

Redlining

A

the process by which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas

45
Q

Blockbusting

A

when people of an ethnic groups sold their houses upon learning that members of another ethnic group were moving into the neighborhood

46
Q

Inclusionary zoning

A

practices offer incentives for developers to set aside a percentage of housing for low-income renters or buyers

47
Q

Gentrification

A

the process of converting an urban inner-city neighborhood from a mostly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominately wealthier, owner-occupied area of a city

48
Q

Zones of abandonment

A

areas of a city that have been deserted by their owners for either economic or environmental reasons

49
Q

Suburban sprawl

A

the rapid spread of development outwards from the inner city

50
Q

Brownfield

A

consists of dilapidated buildings and polluted or contaminated soils

51
Q

Urban redevelopment

A

involved renovating a site within a city by removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the group up

52
Q

Industry

A

the process of using machines and large-scale processes to convert raw materials into manufactured goods

53
Q

Cottage industries

A

small home-based businesses that made goods

54
Q

Deindustrialize

A

a process of decreasing reliance on manufacturing jobs

55
Q

Quaternary sector

A

managing and processing information

56
Q

Quinary

A

creating information and making high-level decisions

57
Q

Multiplier effect

A

the potential of a job to produce additional jobs

58
Q

Agglomeration economies

A

the spatial grouping of several businesses to share costs

59
Q

Bulk-reducing industry

A

an item that loses bulk as it is processed

60
Q

Bulk-gaining industry

A

an item that gains bulk as it is processed

61
Q

Break of bulk

A

the procedure of transferring cargo from one mode of transportation to the another

62
Q

Containerization

A

the system in which goods are loaded into a standardized shipping unit

63
Q

Footloose

A

meaning they can pick up and leave for a new location quickly and easily

64
Q

Formal Sector

A

the portion of the economy that is monitored by the government, so people in it follow regulations and pay taxes

65
Q

Informal Sector

A

the portion of the economy that is not monitored by the government

66
Q

Gross National Product (GNP)

A

is the value of all finished goods and services owned by a country’s citizens, whether or not those goods are produced in that country

67
Q

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A

the dollar amount of all final goods and services produced within a country in one year

68
Q

Gross National Income (GNI)

A

the dollar amount of all goods and services produced by a country’s citizens in one year
regardless of the location where the money is made

69
Q

Per capita

A

per person

70
Q

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

A

a measure of what similar goods cost in different countries

71
Q

Gini coefficient

A

the higher the number, the higher the degree of inequality

72
Q

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A

a composite measure of several factors indicating gender disparity
the lower the better

73
Q

Human Development Index

A

combines GNI per capita with life expectancy, expected years of schooling, and average years of schooling
The higher the better

74
Q

Rostow’s Model criticisms

A

-limited examples
-role of exploitation
-bias toward progress
-lack of variation
-lack of sustainability
-need for poorer countries
-narrow focus

75
Q

Wallerstein’s world systems theory criticisms

A

-little emphasis on culture
-emphasis on industry
-lack of explanation
-limited roles

76
Q

Commodity dependence

A

when more than 60% of its exports are raw materials

77
Q

Comparative advantage

A

the ability to produce a good or service at a lower cost than others

78
Q

Complementarity

A

when a country has the income, goods, or services that the another country desires

79
Q

Neoliberal policies

A

a set of reforms that reduced government regulations and taxation

80
Q

Trading blocs

A

groups of countries that agree to a common set of trade rules

81
Q

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

A

created to aid countries caught in need of financial assistance

82
Q

Outsourcing

A

contracting work to noncompany employees or other companies

83
Q

Offshoring

A

as with multinational manufacturing companies, some tertiary and quaternary sector companies move their back offices to other countries

84
Q

Basic economic activity

A

actions that create new wealth for a region
needed to grow an economy

85
Q

Non-basic economic activity

A

actions that do not generate new money for the area, instead it allow for the recirculation of the existing money in the area

86
Q

Export-processing zones (EPZs)

A

special manufacturing zones
offer foreign corporations major tax savings, inexpensive labor, fewer environmental regulations, well-serviced industrial sites, and proximity to good transportation networks that allow for easy delivery of raw materials and shipping of finished products

87
Q

Postindustrial economy

A

one that no longer employs large numbers of people in factories but has people who provide services and process information

88
Q

Fordism

A

The use of assembly lines allows companies to rapidly produce more standardized products and with less-skilled works that ever before

89
Q

Post-Fordist

A

the remaining workers are often trained to do more than one job, so they can rotate among a few different workstations during a day, reducing the risk of injuries

90
Q

Locational interdependence

A

the location decisions for one factory is dependent upon the location of other related factories

91
Q

Technopole

A

a hub for information-based industry and high-tech manufacturing

92
Q

Ecotourism

A

travel to a region by people who are interested in its distinctive and unusual ecosystem

AP Human Geography (5 decks)

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