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AP Human Geography > Unit 6 & 7 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 6 & 7 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Urbanization

A

the process of developing towns and cities

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2
Q

Site

A

describes the characteristics at the immediate location

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3
Q

Situation

A

refers to the location of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other places

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4
Q

City-state

A

consisted of an urban center and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages
-has its own political system and functioned independently from others

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5
Q

Urban Hearth

A

area generally associated with defensible sites and river valleys in which seasonal floods and fertile soils allowed for an agricultural surplus

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6
Q

Urban area

A

a central city plus the land developed for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes

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7
Q

Metropolitan area

A

a collection of adjacent cities economically connected, across which population density it high and continuous

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8
Q

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

A

consists of a city of a least 50,000 people

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9
Q

Micropolitan Statistical Ares

A

more than 10,000 people but less that 50,000 people

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10
Q

Time-space compression

A

the shrinking “time-distant”, or relative distance, between locations because of improved methods of transportation and communication

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11
Q

Suburbanization

A

involves the process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas on the outskirts of cities

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12
Q

Urban sprawl

A

the rapid expansion of the spatial extent of a city occurs for numerous reasons
spreads outwards

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13
Q

Edge Cities

A

nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities

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14
Q

Counter-urbanization or deurbanization

A

the counter-flow of urban residents leaving cities

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15
Q

Reurbanization

A

when some suburbs return to live in the city

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16
Q

Megacities

A

have a population of over 10 million people

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17
Q

Metacities

A

have a population of over 20 million people

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18
Q

Megalopolis

A

a chain of connected cities

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19
Q

World Cities

A

cities that exert influence far beyond their national boundaries

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20
Q

Urban hierarchy

A

ranking, based on influence or population size

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21
Q

Rank-size rule

A

states that nth largest city in any region will be 1/n the size of the largest city

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22
Q

Primate city

A

if the largest city in an urban system is more than twice as large as the next largest city

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23
Q

Central Place

A

the distance people go to receive goods and services

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24
Q

Threshold

A

the size of population needs for any particular service to exist and remain profitable

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25
Range
the distance people will go to obtain specific goods or services
26
Market area
or zone that contains people who will purchase goods or services, surrounds each central place
27
Functional zonation
the idea that portions of an urban area - regions, or zones within a city - have specific and distinct purposes
28
Central business district (CBD)
the commercial heart of a city
29
Zoning Ordinances
regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions may be used
30
Disamenity zones
area not connected to city services and under the control of criminals
31
Squatter settlements
the periphery of cities often consists of densely populated informal settlements
32
Residential density gradient
as one moves farther from the inner city, pop. and housing-unit density declines, and types of housing changes
33
Filtering
houses pass from one social group to another
34
Urban infill
the process of increasing the residential density of an area by replacing open spaces and vacant housing with residences
35
Infrastructure
the facilities and systems that serve a population
36
Municipal
the local government of a city or town and the services it provides
37
Smart-Growth policies
to combat urban sprawl and create a new visions for cities that are more sustainable and equitable
38
Greenbelts
areas of undeveloped land around an urban area, have been created to limit a city's growth and preserve farmland
39
Slow-growth cities
adopts policies to slow the growth outwards of urban areas and place limits on building permits in order to encourage a denser, more compact city
40
New urban design
to put smart growth policies into action
41
Livability
a set of principals that supports sustainable urban designs
42
Census tracts
contiguous geographic region that functions as the foundation of a census
43
Census block
in a densely populated urban area is often very small, consisting of a single block bounded by four streets
44
Redlining
the process by which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas
45
Blockbusting
when people of an ethnic groups sold their houses upon learning that members of another ethnic group were moving into the neighborhood
46
Inclusionary zoning
practices offer incentives for developers to set aside a percentage of housing for low-income renters or buyers
47
Gentrification
the process of converting an urban inner-city neighborhood from a mostly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominately wealthier, owner-occupied area of a city
48
Zones of abandonment
areas of a city that have been deserted by their owners for either economic or environmental reasons
49
Suburban sprawl
the rapid spread of development outwards from the inner city
50
Brownfield
consists of dilapidated buildings and polluted or contaminated soils
51
Urban redevelopment
involved renovating a site within a city by removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the group up
52
Industry
the process of using machines and large-scale processes to convert raw materials into manufactured goods
53
Cottage industries
small home-based businesses that made goods
54
Deindustrialize
a process of decreasing reliance on manufacturing jobs
55
Quaternary sector
managing and processing information
56
Quinary
creating information and making high-level decisions
57
Multiplier effect
the potential of a job to produce additional jobs
58
Agglomeration economies
the spatial grouping of several businesses to share costs
59
Bulk-reducing industry
an item that loses bulk as it is processed
60
Bulk-gaining industry
an item that gains bulk as it is processed
61
Break of bulk
the procedure of transferring cargo from one mode of transportation to the another
62
Containerization
the system in which goods are loaded into a standardized shipping unit
63
Footloose
meaning they can pick up and leave for a new location quickly and easily
64
Formal Sector
the portion of the economy that is monitored by the government, so people in it follow regulations and pay taxes
65
Informal Sector
the portion of the economy that is not monitored by the government
66
Gross National Product (GNP)
is the value of all finished goods and services owned by a country's citizens, whether or not those goods are produced in that country
67
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
the dollar amount of all final goods and services produced within a country in one year
68
Gross National Income (GNI)
the dollar amount of all goods and services produced by a country's citizens in one year regardless of the location where the money is made
69
Per capita
per person
70
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
a measure of what similar goods cost in different countries
71
Gini coefficient
the higher the number, the higher the degree of inequality
72
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
a composite measure of several factors indicating gender disparity the lower the better
73
Human Development Index
combines GNI per capita with life expectancy, expected years of schooling, and average years of schooling The higher the better
74
Rostow's Model criticisms
-limited examples -role of exploitation -bias toward progress -lack of variation -lack of sustainability -need for poorer countries -narrow focus
75
Wallerstein's world systems theory criticisms
-little emphasis on culture -emphasis on industry -lack of explanation -limited roles
76
Commodity dependence
when more than 60% of its exports are raw materials
77
Comparative advantage
the ability to produce a good or service at a lower cost than others
78
Complementarity
when a country has the income, goods, or services that the another country desires
79
Neoliberal policies
a set of reforms that reduced government regulations and taxation
80
Trading blocs
groups of countries that agree to a common set of trade rules
81
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
created to aid countries caught in need of financial assistance
82
Outsourcing
contracting work to noncompany employees or other companies
83
Offshoring
as with multinational manufacturing companies, some tertiary and quaternary sector companies move their back offices to other countries
84
Basic economic activity
actions that create new wealth for a region needed to grow an economy
85
Non-basic economic activity
actions that do not generate new money for the area, instead it allow for the recirculation of the existing money in the area
86
Export-processing zones (EPZs)
special manufacturing zones offer foreign corporations major tax savings, inexpensive labor, fewer environmental regulations, well-serviced industrial sites, and proximity to good transportation networks that allow for easy delivery of raw materials and shipping of finished products
87
Postindustrial economy
one that no longer employs large numbers of people in factories but has people who provide services and process information
88
Fordism
The use of assembly lines allows companies to rapidly produce more standardized products and with less-skilled works that ever before
89
Post-Fordist
the remaining workers are often trained to do more than one job, so they can rotate among a few different workstations during a day, reducing the risk of injuries
90
Locational interdependence
the location decisions for one factory is dependent upon the location of other related factories
91
Technopole
a hub for information-based industry and high-tech manufacturing
92
Ecotourism
travel to a region by people who are interested in its distinctive and unusual ecosystem

AP Human Geography (5 decks)

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