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AP Human Geography > AMSCO Unit 4 Vocab > Flashcards

AMSCO Unit 4 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Sovereignty

A

the power of a political unit, or government, to rule over its own affairs

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2
Q

State

A

the largest political unit, the formal term for a country
Four criteria
-defined boundary
-contains a permanent pop.
-maintains sovereignty
-recognized by other states

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3
Q

Nation

A

a group of people who have certain things in common
-common cultural heritage
-set of beliefs that unify them
-traditional claim to a particular space as their homeland
-a desire to establish their own state or express self-rule

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4
Q

Nation-state

A

a nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state
Ex. japan, France, Egypt

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5
Q

Multinational state

A

a country that contains more than one nation
Ex. US, Canada

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6
Q

Autonomous region

A

a defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state
Ex. Aland

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7
Q

Semiautonomous region

A

a state that has a degree of, but not complete self-rule

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8
Q

Stateless nation

A

a cultural group that has no independent political entity
Ex. Kurds

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9
Q

Multistate nation

A

when a nation has a state of its own but stretches across borders of other states

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10
Q

Nationalism

A

the strong feeling of patriotism and loyalty one feels toward one’s country promotes a sense of belonging, been if a country’s population is an ethnically diverse one

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11
Q

Self-determination

A

the right to choose their own sovereign government without external influence

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12
Q

Decolonization

A

the undoing of colonization, in which indigenous people reclaim sovereignty over their territory

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13
Q

Satellite states

A

a state dominated by another politically and economically

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14
Q

Devolution

A

The process in which one or more regions are given increased autonomy by the central political unit

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15
Q

Territoriality

A

a willingness by a person or a group to defend a space they claim

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16
Q

Neocolonialism

A

When economic, political, or even cultural control is exerted over developing countries

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17
Q

Chokepoint

A

a place of physical congestion between wider regions of movement and interaction

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18
Q

Physical geographic boundaries

A

natural barriers between areas such as oceans, deserts, and mountains

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19
Q

Cultural boundaries

A

divide people according to some cultural division, such as language, religion, or ethnicity

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20
Q

Antecedent boundary

A

borders that are established before there has been major settlement by people in an area
Ex. Andes Mountain

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21
Q

Subsequent boundary

A

borders that have been drawn in areas that have been settled by people, typically due to changes that have occurred over time
Ex. boundaries in Europe

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22
Q

Superimposed boundary

A

borders that are drawn over existing and accepted borders by an outside force.
Ex. Berlin Conference

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23
Q

Consequent boundary

A

Type of subsequent boundary - takes into account the existing cultural distribution of the people living in the territory and
redevelops boundary lines to more closely align with cultural boundaries.
Ex. Nunavut in Canada

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24
Q

Geometric boundary

A

Borders are established on straight lines of latitude and longitude instead of physical or cultural boundaries.
Ex. 49th parallel

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25
Q

Relic boundary

A

border that no longer exists, but has left some imprint on the local cultural or environmental geography.
Ex. Berlin Wall

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26
Q

Open boundary

A

unguarded and people can cross it easily, with little or no political intervention

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27
Q

Militarized boundary

A

one that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing

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28
Q

Defined boundary

A

established by a legal document, such as a treaty, that divides one entity from another

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29
Q

Delimited boundary

A

drawn on a map by a cartographer to show the limits of a space

30
Q

Demarcated boundary

A

one identified by physical objects placed on the landscape

31
Q

Administered boundary

A

Legal management of the border
through laws, immigration regulation, documentation, and prosecution.

32
Q

Definitional boundary dispute

A

when two or more parties disagree over how to interpret the legal documents or maps that identify the boundary

33
Q

Locational (territorial) boundary dispute

A

boundary disputes that center on where a boundary should be, how it is delimited, or demarcated

34
Q

Irredentism

A

a type of expansionism when one country seeks to annex territory where it has cultural ties to part of the population or historical claim to the land.

35
Q

Operational (functional) boundary dispute

A

centers not on where a boundary is but how it functions

36
Q

Allocational (resource) boundary dispute

A

when a boundary separates natural resources that may be used by both countries

37
Q

Controlled boundary

A

boundaries that have checkpoints where a passport or visa is required to enter the country

38
Q

Exclaves

A

territories that are part of a state, yet geographically separated from the main stage by one or more countries

39
Q

Political enclaves

A

are states, territories or parts of a state or territory that are completely surrounded by the territory of another state
Ex. Lesotho, Vatican City, San Marino

40
Q

Shatterbelt

A

a place located between two very different and contentious regions

41
Q

Territorial Sea

A

area that extends up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty where commercial vessels may pass, but noncommercial vessels may be challenged

42
Q

Contiguous Zone

A

costal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation

43
Q

Exclusive economic zone (EEZ)

A

Coastal states can explore, extract minerals and manage natural resources up to 200 nautical miles

44
Q

High Seas

A

water beyond any country’s EEZ that is open to all states

45
Q

Internal boundaries

A

used at the subnational scale to divide countries into smaller units

46
Q

Voting districts

A

internal boundaries that divide a country’s electorate into subnational regions

47
Q

Census

A

a count of the population, every 10 years, to ensure the national congressional districts have approximately the same number of people

48
Q

Reapportionment

A

changing the number of representatives granted to each state so it reflects the state’s population

49
Q

Redistricting

A

when state legislatures or state committees then redraw district boundaries so that each district contains roughly the same number of people

50
Q

Gerrymandering

A

the drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party in power to protect or increase its power

51
Q

Cracking

A

dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority

52
Q

Packing

A

combing like-minded voters into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts

53
Q

Stacking

A

diluting a minority-populated district with majority populations

54
Q

Hijacking

A

redrawing two districts in order to force two elected representatives of the same party to run against each other

55
Q

Kidnapping

A

moving an area where an elected representative has support to an area where he or she does not have support

56
Q

Federal state

A

unites separates political entities into an overarching system that allows each entity to maintain some degree of sovereignty

57
Q

Unitary State

A

most or all of the governing power is held by the national government

58
Q

Annexation

A

the process of legal adding territory to a city

59
Q

Ethnic Separatism

A

the advocacy of full political separating from the larger group along cultural, ethnic, tribal, or government lines

60
Q

Ethnic cleansing

A

a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent or terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or regions group from certain geographic areas

61
Q

Terrorism

A

organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets to create fear for the advancement of political goals. Most commonly used by NGOs (non-governmental organizations)

62
Q

Subnationalism

A

described people who have a primary allegiance to a traditional group or ethnicity

63
Q

Balkanization

A

the fragmentation of a state or region into smaller, often hostile, units along ethnolinguistic lines

64
Q

Globalization

A

the integration of markets, states, communication, and trade on a worldwide scale

65
Q

Supranationalism

A

the practice of multiple countries forming an organization for the benefit of all members

66
Q

Transnational corporations

A

companies that conduct business on a global scale, have dramatically weekend state sovereignty.
Ex. Telsa, Apple, McDonalds

67
Q

Democratization

A

the transition from autocratic to more representative forms of politics
Simple:
the transition from other forms of government to a more democratic one

68
Q

Time-space compression

A

the social and psychological effects of faster movement of info over space in shorter period of time

69
Q

Regionalism

A

when loyalty to a district portion of a country is more important than loyalty to the entire country

70
Q

Ethnonationalism

A

a type of nationalism wherein the nation and nationality are defined in terms of ethnicity

AP Human Geography (5 decks)

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