Unit 6 Flashcards
Fungi are classified based on how they….
The spore case
Mycelium
Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae.
Stolon
A stolon is a specialized type of horizontal above-ground shoot, a colonizing organ that arises from an axillary bud near the base of the plant.
Rhizoids
Rhizoids are simple hair-like protuberances that extend from the lower epidermal cells of bryophytes, Rhodophyta and pteridophytes. They are similar in structure and function to the root hairs of vascular land plants.
Hyphae
In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Yeasts are unicellular fungi that do not grow as hyphae.
What are some ecological benefits of Fungi?
Medicines, recycling, plant growth,biocontrol, crop disease, animal disease, food spoilage
What diseases can fungi cause?
Ring worm, athletes feet,
Why are yeasts so important?
In nature, yeast enzymes break down the complex carbon compounds of plant cell walls and animal tissues, feeding on the sugar produced in the process. In this way, yeast function as natural decomposers in the environment.
How can fungi reproduce?
The reproduction of fungi can be either sexual or asexual. Sexual reproduction, as with other organisms, involves the fusion of two nuclei when two sex cells unite. This joining produces spores that can grow into new organisms. However, the majority of fungi reproduce asexually.
How can fungi get their food/energy
They use photosynthesis
What are the general characteristics of Kingdom Protista?
Mostly unicellular, can be heterotrophic or autotrophic, most live in water, ALL ARE EUKARYOTIC
What are the 3 groups of protists? What are they based on?
Animal like, fungus like, plant like,
Animal like: obtain their own food, heterotrophs
Fungus like: heterotrophs, cell wall, spores
Plant like: autotrophs, mostly unicellular
What is a type of multicellular protists
Algae, slime molds
What are the ecological benefits of protists?
80% of our earths oxygen comes from algae
What diseases does protists cause?
Malaria, Chagas’ disease
What are the 2 types of kingdoms for bacteria?
Eubacteria and archaebacteria
Eubacteria: lives in ordinary environments
Archaebacteria: lives in extreme environments
How are bacteria classified?
Their shapes. (Look at pic on google)
Know how to label a bacteria cell
(Look on google)
How do bacteria reproduce?
Bacteria reproduce by binary fission. In this process the bacterium, which is a single cell, divides into two identical daughter cells. Binary fission begins when the DNA of the bacterium divides into two (replicates).
How do bacteria gain genetic diversity?
- Transformation: is a type of prokaryotic reproduction in which a prokaryote can take up DNA found within the environment that has originated from other prokaryotes.
- Transduction: is a type of prokaryotic reproduction in which a prokaryote is infected by a virus which injects short pieces of chromosomal DNA from one bacterium to another
- Conjugation: is a type of prokaryotic reproduction in which DNA is transferred between prokaryotes by means of a pilus.
How does bacteria obtain energy?
Phototrophs: get energy from sunlight
Lithotrophs: obtain energy from minerals.(tube worms)
Organotrophs: obtain energy through absorbing hydrogen or electrons from organic matter
What is a ecological benefit of bacteria?
They are major decomposers of dead plants and animals
What are some diseases caused by bacteria?
Staph, strep,
Medication to kill bacteria…
Antibiotics
Why are viruses not living?
Viruses lack the properties of living things: They have no energy metabolism, they do not grow, they produce no waste products, and they do not respond to stimuli. They also don’t reproduce independently but must replicate by invading living cells.
Size and shapes of viruses
Look it up by your self LOL
Parts of a virus
Nucleic acid: either RNA or DNA (never both)
Capsid: protein shell of virus
Envelope: covers the capsid
Lytic cycle vs lysogenic cycle
A key difference between the lytic and lysogenic phage cycles is that in the lytic phage, the viral DNA exists as a separate molecule within the bacterial cell, and replicates separately from the host bacterial DNA. The location of viral DNA in the lysogenic phage cycle is within the host DNA, therefore in both cases the virus/phage replicates using the host DNA machinery, but in the lytic phage cycle, the phage is a free floating separate molecule to the host DNA.
Retrovirus
any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate, e.g., HIV.
Vaccine
a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease, its products, or a synthetic substitute, treated to act as an antigen without inducing the disease
Bioteriophage
Phages are widely distributed in locations populated by bacterial hosts, such as soil or the intestines of animals. (We made the model and class and make sure you know how to label it)
Prions & viroids
Prion: A small proteinaceous infectious disease-causing agent that is believed to be the smallest infectious particle. A prion is neither bacterial nor fungal nor viral and contains no genetic material.
Viroid: Are the smallest infectious pathogens known, consisting solely of short strands of circular, single-stranded RNA without protein coats. They are mostly plant pathogens, some of which are of economical importance.
Diseases caused by viruses
flu, chicken pox, herpes ;)
Pathogen
A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host.
Innate immune system vs specific immune system
The innate immune system, also known as the nonspecific immune system and the first line of defense,[1] is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms. The cells of the innate system recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way, but, unlike the adaptive immune system (which is found only in vertebrates), it does not confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host.[2] Innate immune systems provide immediate defense against infection, and are found in all classes of plant and animal life.
What’s the body’s first line of defense against pathogens?
Immune system
Antibodies and antigens
Antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen. Antigens are large molecules, usually proteins, on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi, bacteria, and some non-living substances such as toxins, chemicals, and foreign particles
Parts of the immune system
Lymphatic system, bone marrow, spleen, tonsils (mine are so big omfg)
Macrophage
Respond to foreign invaders
Helper t-cells
Help suppress or regulate immune responses
Killer T cells
Attack and kill virus cells
Plasma B cells
Secrete large volumes of antibodies
Memory B cells
They remember previous infections so they can easily attack them again if they relapse
Where do b & T cells mature?
B cells: come from bone marrow
T cells: come from thymus
Primary & secondary immune response
Primary: the cells work together to fight off virus and create a memory cell
Secondary: when the virus relapse, the memory cell attacks the virus faster
Passive vs active immunity
Active is long-term (they are immuned to it)
Passive is short-term
Autoimmune disorders
Addison’s disease, type 1 diabetes
What’s an allergy?
A condition in which the immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance
What are the general characteristics of Kingdom Fungi?
Eukaryotic, non-vascular, reproduce by spores, heterotrophic, chitin occurs in fungi
