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Biology Pre-AP > EOC > Flashcards

EOC Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

movement of molecules across a membrane requiring energy to be expended by the cell

A

active transport

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1
Q

energy needed to start a chemical reaction; lowered by enzymes

A

Activation energy

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2
Q

inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival

A

adaptation

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3
Q

the different forms of a gene; could be dominant or recessive

A

allele

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4
Q

basic building blocks of proteins

A

amino acid

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5
Q

structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in form or function

A

analogous structures

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6
Q

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

A

anaphase

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7
Q

compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria

A

antibiotic

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8
Q

a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates a pathogen that has entered the body

A

antibody

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9
Q

substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody

A

antigen

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10
Q

domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan

A

archaea

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11
Q

a nucleotide that stores and transfers energy within cells

A

ATP

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12
Q

organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food; also called a producer

A

autotroph

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13
Q

domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycans

A

bacteria

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14
Q

virus that infects bacteria

A

bacteriophage

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15
Q

mutation which results in the loss of nucleotide pairs in a gene; have a major effect on the resulting protein

A

base deletion

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16
Q

mutation which results in the addition of nucleotide pairs in a gene; have a major effect on the resulting protein

A

base insertion

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17
Q

a type of point mutation where one nucleotide and its partner are replaced by another pair of nucleotides

A

base-pair substitution

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18
Q

an inherited behavior that helps an organism survive; like escaping from predators or find a mate

A

behavioral adaptation

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19
Q

asexual reproduction in prokaryotes by which one cell divides into two identical cells

A

binary fission

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20
Q

an unborn or unhatched vertebrate in the later stages of development showing the main recognizable features of the mature animal

A

fetus

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21
Q

a rise in the temperature of the body

A

fever

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22
Q

the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment

A

fitness

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23
Q

a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

A

food chain

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24
Q

a diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem

A

food web

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25
Q

the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil

A

fossil

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26
Q

egg or sperm sex cell that contains a single set of chromosomes (haploid), one from each homologous pair

A

gamete

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27
Q

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

A

gene

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28
Q

Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name including the genus and species

A

binomial nomenclature

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29
Q

the variety of different species in a given area

A

biodiversity

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30
Q

process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another; like the carbon and nitrogen cycle

A

biogeochemical cycle

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31
Q

the total amount of living matter within a given trophic level

A

biomass

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32
Q

the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus

A

capsid

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33
Q

organic compound used by cells to store and release energy; composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

carbohydrate

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34
Q

the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again

A

carbon cycle

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35
Q

a consumer that only eats other consumers

A

Carnivores

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36
Q

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction; like an enzyme

A

catalyst

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37
Q

basic unit of life

A

Cell

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38
Q

the cycle of growth and reproduction of a cell, consisting of interphase (g1, s, g2) and mitosis (division of the nucleus-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) and cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)

A

cell cycle

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39
Q

the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

A

cell division

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40
Q

The lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of the cell

A

cell membrane

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41
Q

a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell; made of carbohydrates

A

cell wall

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42
Q

process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

A

cellular respiration

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43
Q

organize the spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during animal cell mitosis

A

centriole

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44
Q

area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

A

centromere

45
Q

green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll

46
Q

one of two identical “sister” parts of a duplicated chromosome

A

chromatid

47
Q

a model of evolution in which gradual change over a long period of time leads to biological diversity

A

gradualism

48
Q

Pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing.

A

guard cell

49
Q

the place where an organism lives

A

habitat

50
Q

half the normal number of chromosomes; found in sex cells

A

haploid number

51
Q

consumer that eats only producers; also called a primary consumer

A

herbivore

52
Q

having two different alleles for a trait

A

heterozygous

53
Q

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

A

Homeostasis

54
Q

condensed threads of genetic material formed from chromatin as a cell prepares to divide

A

chromosome

55
Q

a relatively stable long-lasting community reached in a successional series

A

climax community

56
Q

in RNA, a three-base “word” that codes for one amino acid

A

codon

57
Q

symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

A

commensalism

58
Q

the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources

A

competition

59
Q

difference in concentration of a substance on two sides of a membrane

A

concentration gradient

60
Q

a summary of what you have learned from an experiment

A

conclusion

61
Q

an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms

A

consumer

62
Q

exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis

A

crossing over

63
Q

division of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

64
Q

a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

A

cytoplasm

65
Q

information gathered from observations

A

data

66
Q

organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter

A

decomposer

67
Q

the removal of trees

A

Deforestation

68
Q

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

A

Differentiation

69
Q

the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; passive

A

Diffusion

70
Q

genetic cross using two traits with two alleles each

A

dihybrid cross

71
Q

cell condition in which two of each type of chromosome are present

A

Diploid number

72
Q

A discrete event that disrupts an ecosystem or community. Examples of natural disturbances include fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, and floods. Examples of human-caused disturbances include deforestation, overgrazing, and plowing.

A

Disturbance

73
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics

A

DNA

74
Q

large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla

A

Kingdom

75
Q

a behavior an animal learns from its parents

A

Learned behavior

76
Q

macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes

A

Lipids

77
Q

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

A

lysosome

78
Q

any large complex organic molecule

A

macromolecule

79
Q

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

A

Meiosis

80
Q

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

A

MRNA

81
Q

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

A

Metaphase

82
Q

Most inclusive taxonomic category; larger than a kingdom

A

Domain

83
Q

gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance

A

ecological succession

84
Q

Female sex cell

A

Egg

85
Q

organism in its early stage of development

A

embryo

86
Q

study of multicellular organisms as they develop from fertilized eggs to fully formed organisms

A

embryology

87
Q

process by which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane; active transport

A

endocytosis

88
Q

a system of membranes that is found in a cell’s cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids

A

endoplasmic reticulum

89
Q

a diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web

A

energy pyramid

90
Q

protein that speeds up a chemical reaction

A

Enzyme

91
Q

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

A

eukaryote

92
Q

rapid growth of algae in bodies of water, due to high levels of nitrogen and often phosphate

A

eutrophication

93
Q

the gradual change in a species over time

A

Evolution

94
Q

process by which vesicles release their contents outside the cell; active transport

A

exocytosis

95
Q

movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels; passive transport

A

facilitated diffusion

96
Q

a long chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides; DNA and RNA

A

nucleic acid

97
Q

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

A

Nucleotides

98
Q

new combination of genetic information in a gamete as a result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis

A

Genetic recombination

99
Q

response to the earth’s gravity, as the growing of roots downward in the ground

A

Geotropism

100
Q

separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring

A

reproductive isolation

101
Q

the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes

A

independent assortment

102
Q

A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another.

A

infectious disease

103
Q

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

A

isotonic

104
Q

a species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem

A

keystone species

105
Q

Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell.

A

somatic cell

106
Q

parts of an organism that are no longer functioning and do not affect survival

A

vestigial structure

107
Q

the vascular tissue through which water and nutrients move in plants

A

xylem

108
Q

fertilized egg

A

Zygote

109
Q

diagram showing evolutionary relationships of organisms with a common ancestor; resembles a tree

A

phylogenetic tree

110
Q

The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms

A

phylogeny

111
Q

pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change

A

punctuated equilibrium

Biology Pre-AP (16 decks)

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