Unit 6 Flashcards
What does the Stanley Milgram experiment study?
obedience to authority
how many percent of the participants continued to deliver shocks all the way to 450 volt in the milgram experiment?
65%
What is important in research and why?
ethics
-> it ensures balance between the rights of living beings involved in studies and the need to broaden scientific knowledge
What does ethics play a key role in?
promoting objectivity
What can lead to biased or erroneous research?
ethical transgression (data fabrication or falsification) and ethical concerns (conflicts of interest)
Why is it important to adhere to ethical norms in research?
- norms promote aims of research (knowledge, truth, avoidance of error)
- research involves cooperation among different disciplines and institutions
- researchers can be held responsible to public
- help to build public support for research (people can trust quality and integrity)
What is the Nuremberg Code?
a document that resulted from the trials in nazi experiments
What is the declaration of Helsinki?
document is a broader application of the Nuremberg that was produced by the medical community and included a requirement that journal editors ensure that published research conform to the principles of the Declaration
What is a problem of the two ethical codes (nuremberg and declaration of helsinki)?
did not explicitly address behavior research
-> generally seen as applicable to medicine
What is a better approach to human research? what does it state?
The Belmont Report
-> Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research
What are the 3 basic principles in the Belmont Report?
- Beneficence: Research should confer benefits and risks should be minimal
- Respect for the people (autonomy): Participants have the right for making decisions
- Justice: Fairness in receiving the benefits of research as well as bearing the burdens of accepting risks
What does the APA Ethics code state about the commitment of psychologists?
Psychologists are committed to increasing scientific and professional knowledge of behavior and people’s understanding of themselves and others and to the use of such knowledge to improve the condition of individuals, organizations and society
What does the principle A (Beneficence and Nonmaleficence) of the APA ethics code state?
Psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care to do no harm
What does the Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility of the APA ethics code state?
Psychologists establish relationships of trust with those with whom they work.
-> They are aware of their professional and scientific responsibilities to society and to the specific communities in which they work
In which principle do psychologists seek to safeguard the welfare and rights of those with whom they interact professionally and other affected people?
Principle A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
In which principle do psychologists consult with, refer to, or cooperate with other professionals and institutions to the extent needed to serve the best interests of those with whom they work?
Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility
What does the Principle C: Integrity of the APA ethics code state?
Psychologists seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology
Which principles considers psychologists to have a serious obligation to consider the need for, the possible consequences of, and their responsibility to correct any resulting mistrust or other harmful effects that arise from the use of such techniques?
Principle C: Integrity
What does the Principle D: Justice of the APA ethics code state?
Psychologists recognize that fairness and justice entitle all persons to access to and benefit from the contributions of psychology and to equal quality in the processes, procedures, and services being conducted by psychologists
What does the Principle E: Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity of the APA ethics code state?
Psychologists respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination
What is the risk-benefit ratio?
the relationship between the risks of study participation and the potential benefits for both study participants and society
What is Debriefing?
includes an explanation of the purposes of the research that is given to participants following their participation
-> after completion of study
-> opportunity for researcher to deal with issues of withholding information, deception and potential harmful effects of participation
What purpose does debriefing has?
an educational and ethical purpose
What are Ethic committees and what do they ensure?
An Institutional Review Board (IRB),Independent ethics committee (IEC), ethical review board (ERB), or research ethics board (REB)
-> ensures that the rights and welfare of human research subjects are protected
what is a exempt research?
research that poses little to “no” risk
-> researcher applies for exempt status at IRB
What is a minimal risk research?
the risks of harm to participants are no greater than risks encountered in daily life or in routine physical or psychological tests
What is neccessary for greater than minimal risk research?
Any research procedure that places participants at greater than minimal risk is subject to thorough review by the IRB. Complete informed consent and other safeguards may be required before approval is granted
What is informed consent?
potential participants in a research project should be provided with all information that might influence their active decision of whether or not to participate in a study
What does it mean when participants lack the ability to make free and informed decision to voluntarily participate in studies?
Special populations such as minors, patients in psychiatric hospitals, or adults with cognitive impairments require special precautions
What is assent?
Written consent form signed by a parent or guardian is generally required in addition to agreement by the minor
What is Coercion?
another threat to autonomy. Any procedure that limits an individual’s freedom to consent is potentially coercive.
e.g.: Boss asks to participate, professor requires it to pass.
-> Even the promise of benefits may be coercive.
why do researchers usually withhold information about the hypothesis of the study?
because it could potentially invalidate the results of the study
What do we call fraud?
The fabrication or falsification of data
What are 4 threats to the foundation of the scientific method as a means of knowledge?
- First and most extreme, a scientist fails to collect any data at all and simply manufactures it.
- Second, some of the collected data are altered or omitted to make the overall results look better.
- Third, some data are collected, but ‘‘missing’’ data are guessed at and created in a way that produces a data set congenial to the researcher’s expectations.
- Fourth, an entire study is suppressed because its results fail to come out as expected.
How can we detect fraud/faked results?
won’t be replicated
