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Research methods (daria) > INES slides Anfang > Flashcards

INES slides Anfang Flashcards

The scientific method and its role in Psychology

1
Q

When did psychology begin to develop as a scientific discipline?

A

Psychology started becoming a scientific discipline during the second half of the 19th century

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2
Q

Do psychologists have an exclusive claim on the study of human behavior?

A

No.

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3
Q

Who else, besides psychologists, has studied human behavior?

A

Philosophers, writers, poets, and even salesman have shown interest in the nature of human thought and action

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4
Q

What conviction led to psychology becoming a scientific discipline?

A

The conviction that scientific methods could be applied to study the mind and behavior gradually developed

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5
Q

How did psychologists believe knowledge about mind and behavior should be gained?

A

empirically, e.g.: through experience, with methods that use careful observation, and experiments to gather facts and evidence
-> Psychology became a scientific discipline

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6
Q

What is Epistemology also known as?

A

the theory of knowledge

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7
Q

What is a common concern in Epistemology?

A

the interest on what sources of information can actually bring knowledge?

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8
Q

What is perception in the context of sources of knowledge?

A

refers to knowledge gained through experiences of the senses. The belief that experience is the primary source of knowledge is called empiricism.

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9
Q

How does reason function as a source of knowledge through deduction?

A

Reason can deduce truths from existing knowledge, using logical steps to arrive at new conclusions based on what is already known.

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10
Q

How does reason function as a source of knowledge through priori learning?

A

Reason can also discover necessary truths, such as mathematical truths, through a priori learning—knowledge gained independently of experience

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11
Q

What is introspection as a source of knowledge?

A

refers to knowledge of one’s self

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12
Q

What is the knowledge of one’s self found through in introspection?

A

through internal self-evaluation, involving an inward reflection on personal thoughts and feelings

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13
Q

How is introspection related to perception?

A

Introspection is generally considered a form of perception, as it allows individuals to recognize internal states (e.g., knowing when you are hungry or tired)

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14
Q

What is Human Memory in the context of Sources of knowledge?

A

Memory is the storage of knowledge that was learned in the past

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15
Q

What is testimony as a source of knowledge?

A

Testimony is the acquisition of knowledge from others, relying on them to communicate information to us.

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16
Q

Why do some people deny that testimony is a source of knowledge?

A

testimony is not a reliable source of knowledge unless beliefs gained through it are verified before being transmitted in various forms, such as oral, written, or audiovisual.

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17
Q

What is the empirical method according to the APA?

A

Procedure for conducting an investigation that relies upon experimentation and systematic observation

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18
Q

How does the empirical method differ from theoretical speculation?

A

focuses on gathering evidence through experiments and observations

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19
Q

What are the 5 steps of the empirical research methodology cycle?

A

Observation
Induction
Deduction
Testing
Evaluation

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20
Q

What is the approach adopted of Experimental Psychology?

A

it is essentially scientific, relying on systematic observation in controlled conditions

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21
Q

What happens if a psychological theory does not fit the facts in Experimental Psychology?

A

If a theory does not fit the facts derived from controlled observations, it is discarded or revised, regardless of its history, logic, or implications.

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22
Q

What are 3 kinds of methods in empirical methods?

A

Inductive
Deductive
Hypothetico-deductive

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23
Q

What is the inductive method in the context of the empirical method?

A

involves inferring general principles or rules from specific facts or observations.

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24
Q

What is the starting point to generate knowledge in inductive method?

A

Experience
-> begins with a research question and the collection of empirical data (used to generate hypotheses and theories)
-> from the singular to the general

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25
Q

What is an example of the inductive method?

A

Most humans are right-handed
Monica is a human
Therefore Monica is probably right-handed

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26
Q

What is the deductive method in the context of the empirical method?

A

applies general principles to reach specific conclusions

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27
Q

What does the deductive method begins with?

A

theory-driven hypotheses (general laws)
-> guide data collection and analysis
-> logical consequences are deduced and applied to reality

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28
Q

Provide an example of the deductive method.

A

all men are mortal. John is a man. therefore John is mortal

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29
Q

What is the difference between the inductive and deductive method?

A

inductive reasoning: you look at patterns or examples and infer a general rule

deductive reasoning: You start with a theory or rule and then test it against a specific instance.

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30
Q

What is the hypothetico-deductive method?

A

it involves formulating hypotheses that can be either proved or disproved through experimentation and observation

31
Q

What is an example for the hypothetico-deductive method?

A

scientists propose hypotheses and aim to prove or disprove them through experimental testing

32
Q

What is the abductive method?

A

begins with an incomplete set of observations (surprising facts or puzzles) and seeks to find the best or most likely explanation, leading to the formation of a hypothesis or diagnosis.

33
Q

What is invalid deductive reasoning?

A

even with two solid and true premises, deductive reasoning can go wrong

34
Q

What is an example of invalid deductive reasoning?

A

All swans are white. Jane is white. Therefore Jane is a swan.

35
Q

What is the gold standard of scientific research?

A

The hypothetico-deductive method

36
Q

What is the hypothetico-deductive method often regarded as?

A

the only ‘true’ scientific research method

37
Q

Is this inductive or deductive reasoning?

The chair in the living room is red. The chair in the dining room is red. The chair in the bedroom is red. All the chairs in the house are red.

A

Inductive

38
Q

Is this inductive or deductive reasoning?

It’s dangerous to drive on icy streets. The streets are icy now, so it would be dangerous to drive on the streets.

A

Deductive

39
Q

Is this inductive or deductive reasoning?

Every time you eat peanuts, you start to cough. You are allergic to peanuts.

A

Inductive

40
Q

What is the Goal in Descriptive Research design?

A

To create a snapshot of the current state of affairs.

41
Q

What are Advantages of Descriptive Research method?

A

Provides a relatively complete picture of what is occurring at a given time.
Allows the development of questions for future studies.

42
Q

What are Disadvantages in Descriptive Research designs?

A

Does not assess relationships among variables. Ethical concerns if participants do not know they are being observed.

43
Q

What is the Goal in Correlation Research designs?

A

To assess relationships between and among two or more variables.

44
Q

What are Advantages of Correlation Research designs?

A

Allows testing of expected relationships between variables and making predictions. Can assess such relationships in everyday life events.

45
Q

What are Disadvantages of Correlational Research designs?

A

Cannot be used to draw inferences about the causal relationships between and among variables.

46
Q

What is the Goal of Experimental Research designs?

A

To assess the causal impact of one or more experimental manipulations on a dependent variable.

47
Q

What are Advantages of Experimental Research designs?

A

Allows drawing conclusions about the causal relationship among variables. We can manipulate independent variables.

48
Q

What are Disadvantages of Experimental research designs?

A

May be expensive and time consuming.

49
Q

What do most research projects share?

A

the same general structure

50
Q

What is the empirical method?

A

systematic and standardized

51
Q

What is the general structure of most research projects?

A

Make an observation
Ask a question
Form a hypothesis that answers the question
Make a prediction based on the hypothesis
Do an experiment to test the prediction
Analyze the results
-> Hypothesis is correct
-> Hypothesis is incorrect -> try again from forming a hypothesis
Report results

52
Q

What are 2 types of research studies?

A

Empirical studies
Theoretical studies or reviews

53
Q

What are empirical studies?

A

Empirical studies are research methods that collect data through observation and experimentation to generate knowledge.

54
Q

What are the 3 points of Empirical studies?

A
  1. Non-experimental or descriptive methods.
  2. Experimental methods.
  3. Differences between both methods.
55
Q

What are theoretical studies?

A

Theoretical studies explore concepts and frameworks within a discipline, often providing a foundation for further research or offering new perspectives on existing theories.

56
Q

What are the 3 points of theoretical studies?

A
  1. Theoretical studies
  2. Systematic reviews.
  3. Meta-analysis.
57
Q

What characterizes non-experimental methods in research?

A

the researcher does not control the variables, which means the final results may be influenced by unknown variables

58
Q

What are types of studies with non-experimental studies?

A
  1. Observational studies
  2. Survey studies
  3. Qualitative studies
59
Q

What do experimental methods test?

A

hypotheses about the relationship between two types of variables

60
Q

What are the 2 types of variables in experimental methods?

A

the dependent variable and the independent variable

61
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

What we measure
-> expected to be influenced by the manipulation of the independent variable.

62
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The factor that we manipulate or study
-> to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

63
Q

What is correlation?

A

It is a statistical technique (Pearson’s R) which tell us how strongly the pair of variables are linearly related and change together.

64
Q

What does correlation not imply?

A

causation

65
Q

When do we have a positive, no and negative correlation?

A

positive: when the value is above 0
no: value is 0
negative: value is below 0

66
Q

What is an example of correlation?

A

Smoking is highly correlated with cancer; however, correlation does not imply causation, meaning one does not cause the other.

67
Q

What is Causation?

A

Any change in the value of one variable will cause a change in the value of another variable
-> means one variable makes the other to happen.

68
Q

What is an example of causation?

A

if you heat water to 100 degree celsius, it ALWAYS boils
-> temperature guarantees that it will boil

69
Q

What are the 3 type of studies with experimental methods?

A
  1. Single-subject study
  2. Between-subjects study
  3. Within-subjects study
70
Q

What is a single-subject study?

A

focuses on one individual, using repeated measures to observe changes in behavior over time.

71
Q

What is a between-subjects study?

A

compares different groups of participants, where each group receives a different treatment or condition.

72
Q

What is a within-subject study?

A

the same participants experiencing all conditions, allowing for direct comparison of results across treatments.

73
Q

What is a primary difference between experimental and non-experimental methods regarding control of variables?

A

Experimental methods allow a higher control of all the variables that can interfere in
the study

74
Q
A

Research methods (daria) (6 decks)

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