unit 6 (1750-1900)

Question 1

What was the end goal of imperialism

Answer 1

To acquire colonies and build an empire - raw materials, markets, and land

Question 2

What did imperialism promise

Answer 2

To end class conflict

Question 3

What did imperialism try to avoid

Answer 3

A revolution or redistribution of wealth

Question 4

What were Europe’s attitudes toward imperialism

Answer 4

They loved it - colonies gave nations status and wealth, all classes cared about having and gaining colonies

Question 5

What makes a colony a “Great Power”

Answer 5

One that was influential (had a lot of materials or land) and was of high urgency to acquire (had a lot of competition)

Question 6

Why was imperialism appealing

Answer 6

It seemed politically and strategically necessary for further economic growth as well as being seen as socially necessary to civilize “lesser” societies

Question 7

What are some outcomes and innovations of industrialization

Answer 7

overseas expansion, creating a world economy,
steam ships decreasing travel time between europe and africa as well as europe and the americas,
underwater telegraph made instant communication possible, the discovery of quinine prevented malaria and decreased death rates,
repeating rifles and machine guns gave Europe a military advantage

Question 8

Why did Europeans believe that they were the better race

Answer 8

they had unlocked the secrets of nature (science), created a society of unprecedented wealth, and used this to create a sound and unsurpassed military power

Question 9

“John Chinaman”

Answer 9

The image that China was reduced to - before it was looked up to for how society should run, not it had become weak

Question 10

What was the European view of Africa

Answer 10

that africa was primitive or backwards

Question 11

What was scientific racism

Answer 11

the “proof” that certain races were superior with “scientific” evidence (measuring heads to prove that europeans had larger heads and were therefore more intelligent)

Question 12

how did europeans view race

Answer 12

that intelligence was determined by race; their race was “better” and therefore they were more intelligent

Question 13

how did europeans “value” “weaker” races

Answer 13

they thought that it was their responsibility to civilize them
they spread christianity, made more stable governments, gave people jobs, educated people, brought health care, all while suppressing native culture

Question 14

What was europe’s outlook on social darwinism

Answer 14

that european dominance would lead to the destruction of “unfit” races

Question 15

what is social darwinism

Answer 15

the thought that certain races were weaker and “unfit” and that only the best races would survive - like darwin’s survival of the fittest idea

Question 16

how did europeans intend to justify imperialism, war, and aggression with social darwinism

Answer 16

that it was natural so that “weaker” races would be weeded out and “stronger” ones could flourish

Question 17

what was and when did the first wave of european conquest

Answer 17

the americas were conquered during the 16th century

Question 18

what was and when did the second wave of european conquests happen

Answer 18

between 1750 and 1900 asia and africa was conquered

Question 19

who was added to the mix during the second wave of conquests

Answer 19

germany, italy, belgium, united states, and japan, while spain and portugal only had minor role

Question 20

how did europeans like to operate imperialism

Answer 20

through indirect command
this was often an economic penetration and occasional military intervention
this was because outright colonial rule was expensive, it was only used in areas that had a lot of competition

Question 21

what were some environmental struggles in africa and asia that europe used to strengthen their control in those areas

Answer 21

Asia and parts of africa faced monsoon winds
africa had many droughts in the southern part in 1877, and there was a famine in ethiopia in the late 1880s

Question 22

What made european colonies in africa and asia possible

Answer 22

military force and technology such as repeating rifles and machine guns

Question 23

how did colonialism occur in india and indonesia

Answer 23

through interactions with trading companies who were able to exercise political and administrative control over large areas

Question 24

What happened in india that helped europeans

Answer 24

european traders and local authorities formed many alliances

Question 25

scramble for africa

Answer 25

the rapid invasion and colonization of africa
first europeans negotiated between themselves to split africa up then they violently invaded to establish control

Question 26

which african states were harder to subdue

Answer 26

decentralized and rural ones

Question 27

berlin conference of 1884

Answer 27

europeans divided africa, the rights of africa were disregarded

Question 28

boer war

Answer 28

war between great britain and the boers (descendants of dutch traders) over south africa
great britain won and created the Union of South Africa
(Bates and Lord Grantham fought in this war, they met and this is how bates becomes his valet)

Question 29

why were europeans and Americans interested in oceania

Answer 29

curiosity and scientific exploration
missionary conversation
and economic interests in sperm whale oil, coconut oil, guano, mineral nitrates and phosphates, sandalwood, and more

Question 30

how are australia and the us similar

Answer 30

• both were taken over by the british
• in both diseases killed many native people
• both eventually gained their independence and became major world powers

Question 31

how was the colonization of africa and asia different from the americas

Answer 31

they were more distant, economic penetration and military intervention rather than colonial rule and settlement

Question 32

what was different about ethiopia and liberia

Answer 32

both remained free
ethiopia even expanded its empire
liberia was ruled by freed slaves from the americas

Question 33

why did some cooperate with europeans

Answer 33

this gave them employment, status, and security

Question 34

who benefitted from cooperation

Answer 34

traditional elites

Question 35

why did nationalism increase during imperialism

Answer 35

due to education, spread or revival of religion, and the development of ideas of race and tribe

Question 36

education

Answer 36

many found that western education gave them higher status and more security, this led to many embracing european culture and even rejecting their own
this also led to many forming reform societies wanting to fix “errors” in their nations
eventually these groups found that colonial governments did not want to help them, leading to uprisings

Question 37

religion in africa

Answer 37

due to the spread of religion and the education that often came with it many sought teachers and preists to come to their towns
eventually christianity’s differences from African culture led to many separating themselves from european churches, forming their own churches and schools

Question 38

religion in asia

Answer 38

in india there was a revival of hinduism due to attempts by reformers to give india a religion that was equivalent to christianity by unifying many practices, this distinguished indians from europeans further as they were the “spiritual east” and europeans were the “materialistic west” this led to a more nationalistic view of india as well as a more distinct view of muslims and hindus being separate, leading to political and social issues in the 20th century

Question 39

race

Answer 39

african intellectuals began to define an african identity due to the common experience of colonial rule, these intellectuals pointed out similarities to europe that europeans valued (large empires of mali, axum, songhay) and this led to nationalist movements that fought against colonial rule

Question 40

tribe

Answer 40

the idea of tribes also developed due to similarities in language and culture and the fact that europeans often grouped these communities together to govern them

Question 41

Taiping Uprising

Answer 41

Massive Chinese rebellion against the ruling Qing dynasty that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the Christian-influenced teachings of Hong Xiuquan who proclaimed himself as the younger brother of Jesus, and whose mission it was to cleanse the world of demons and establish a “heavenly kingdom of great peace”
They had plans to industrialize, redistribute land and wealth, end prostitution and opium use, and organize society into military camps segregated between men and women
Hong also denounced the Qing for being foreigners
The most radical was their view of women; the movement had origins in the Hakka region which was less orthodox and women did not bind their feet, so they fought as soldiers. Taiping officials ordered that women’s feet be unbound, the land reform promised women and men equal shares of land, women were allowed to take civil service exams, mutual attraction instead of family interests was promoted as a basis of marriage
Taiping rule was very short, loyalists rallied and crushed the rebellion

Question 42

Opium Wars

Answer 42

Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1840-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially opium; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.

Question 43

Commissioner Lin Zexu

Answer 43

Royal official charged with ending the opium trade in China; his concerted efforts to seize and destroy opium imports provoked the Opium Wars. Very serious and uncompromising in his approach.

Question 44

Unequal Treaties

Answer 44

Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers. They included trade treaties that favored Europeans and weakened the Qing

Question 45

Informal Empire

Answer 45

Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but retained their own governments and a measure of independence (e.g., China).

Question 46

Self-Strengthening

Answer 46

China’s program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of traditional principles and limited borrowing from the West. Too little, too late.

Question 47

Boxer Uprising/Rebellion

Answer 47

Antiforeign movement (1898-1901) led by a Chinese militia organization called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed. It resulted in military intervention by Western powers and the imposition of a huge payment as punishment.
This made it clear that China was dependant

Question 48

Chinese Revolution of 1911-1912

Answer 48

The collapse of China’s imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the imperial government for the previous century.

Question 49

“The Sick Man of Europe”

Answer 49

Western Europe’s description of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, based on the empire’s economic and military weakness and its apparent inability to prevent the shrinking of its territory.

Question 50

Tanzimat

Answer 50

Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term “Tanzimat” means “reorganization.” (pron. tahn-zee-MAHT)
Similar to self-strengthening policies, they did not work

Question 51

Young Ottomans

Answer 51

Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of westernizing reforms to the political system.

Question 52

Sultan Abd al-Hamid II

Answer 52

Ottoman sultan (r. 1876-1909) who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a despotic monarch for the rest of his long reign.

Question 53

Young Turks

Answer 53

Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that advocated a militantly secular public life and a Turkish national identity; came to power through a coup in 1908.

Question 54

Tokugawa Japan

Answer 54

A period of internal peace in Japan (1600-1850) that prevented civil war but did not fully unify the country; led by military rulers, or shoguns, from the Tokugawa family, who established a “closed door” policy toward European encroachments.

Question 55

Meiji Restoration

Answer 55

The political takeover of Japan in 1868 by a group of young samurai from southern Japan. The samurai eliminated the shogun and claimed they were restoring to power the young emperor, Meiji. The new government was committed to saving Japan from foreign domination by drawing upon what the modern West had to offer to transform Japanese society.

Question 56

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

Answer 56

Fought over rival ambitions in Korea and Manchuria, this conflict ended in a Japanese victory, establishing Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia. The war marked the first time that an Asian country defeated a European power in battle, and it precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.

Question 57

Treaty of Nanjing (1842)

Answer 57

Treaty which ended the first Opium War and limited Chinese sovereignty because of the concessions to England - Hong Kong, money, low tariffs, open five ports to trade, and access for foreigners

Question 58

100 Days of Reform (1898)

Answer 58

China’s last ditch attempt at modernizing before they were ended by conservative forces.

Question 59

Empress Cixi

Answer 59

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.

Question 60

Japanese Constitution of 1889

Answer 60

Japanese legal scholars, following German models, drafted a constitution in 1889 that emphasized state power more than individual rights. Constitutional monarchy.

Question 61

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

Answer 61

Fought mostly in Korea, revealed China’s helplessness in the face of aggression, triggering a rush for foreign concessions and protectorates in China. Taiwan was given to victor.