unit 5 (1750-1900) Flashcards
American Revolution
Successful rebellion against British rule conducted by the European settlers in the thirteen colonies of British North America, starting in 1776 due to taxes being placed on the colonies and growing cultural differences between Britain and its colonies; a conservative revolution whose success preserved property rights and class distinctions but established republican government in place of monarchy (ie. did not include social changes like the French or Haitian revolutions, the aristocracy was simply replaced by a new upper/ruling class)
This was the first Atlantic Revolution and it inspired the French Revolution
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Charter of political liberties, drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789, that proclaimed the equal rights of all male citizens; the declaration gave expression to the essential outlook of the French Revolution and became the preamble to the French constitution completed in 1791.
The “rights of man” is an Enlightenment idea that inspired the Atlantic Revolutions
The document claimed “men are born free and remain free and equal in rights”
French Revolution
Massive upheaval of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, ended the legal privileges of the nobility, and for a time outlawed the Catholic Church. The French Revolution proceeded in stages, becoming increasingly radical and violent until the period known as the Terror in 1793-1794, after which it became more conservative, especially under Napoleon Bonaparte (r. 1799-1815).
Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)
Leader of the French Revolution during the Terror; his Committee of Public Safety executed tens of thousands of enemies of the revolution until he was arrested and guillotined.
Napoleon Bonaparte
French head of state and general (r. 1799-1815); Napoleon preserved much of the French Revolution under a military dictatorship and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe.
Haitian Revolution
The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti, which means “mountainous” or “rugged” in the native Taino language) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804). Its first leader was Toussaint Louverture, a former slave.
After they gained independence slavery was abolished, exports slowed down due to a switch to small farms, due to the destructiveness of the revolution, internal conflicts of race and class, and France’s independence debt, Haiti faced poverty, authoritarianism, and unstable politics
Latin American revolutions
Series of risings in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of Latin America (1808-1825) that established the independence of new states from European rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social change by the lower classes.
The original plan was to create a unified Latin American state, but this did not happen because the regions were too different
Hidalgo-Morelos rebellion
Socially radical peasant rebellion in Mexico (1810) led by the priests Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos due to rising hunger and prices of food
Creole landowners and the Church crushed the rebellion, and this alliance led to a socially independent Mexico
Tupac Amaru
Leader of a Native American rebellion in Peru in the early 1780s, claiming the last Inca emperor as an ancestor. The rebellion showed elites that they were at the top of a potentially explosive society
Great Jamaica Revolt
This slave revolt was inspired by the Haitian Revolution, in which around 60,000 slaves attacked several hundred plantations; the discontent of the slaves and the brutality of the British response helped sway the British public to support the abolition of slavery.
Abolitionist Movement
An international movement that condemned slavery as morally repugnant and contributed much to ending slavery in the Western world during the nineteenth century; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States beginning in the late eighteenth century.
The movement was boosted by the Haitian Revolution, and eventually culminated in the abolition of slavery
Vindication of the Rights of Woman
Written by Mary Wollstonecraft, this tract was one of the earliest expressions of feminist consciousness.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902)
Leading figure of the early women’s rights movement in the United States. At the first Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848, she drafted a statement paraphrasing the Declaration of Independence, stating that men and women were created equal.
maternal feminism
Movement that claimed that women have value in society not because of an abstract notion of equality but because women have a distinctive and vital role as mothers; its exponents argued that women have the right to intervene in civil and political life because of their duty to watch over the future of their children.
German (1871) and Italian (1870) Unification
The growth of nationalism during this period led to the unification of these countries.
nation-state
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality. In the 1800s these emerged as the principal form of political organization in both Western Europe and the Americas due to the Atlantic Revolutions
March on Versailles (October 1789)
six thousand women marched from Paris to Versailles, demanding to see the king because of the shortage of bread. Their anger was mostly directed at the queen, Marie Antoinette who lived an extravagant life which only made the women more mad. finally they made the king and Marie Antoinette return to Paris.
“Converging Revolutions”
During this period there were many other revolutions besides the Atlantic ones:
- The Safavid empire had fallen and the Mughal fragmented
- the Wahhabi movement threatened the Ottoman empire
- Revolutions in China led up to the Taiping revolution
- in south africa there were many uprisings known as mfecane (breaking or crushing) leading to many wars and the creation of new states
Abolition of Serfdom
Under Catherine the Great an uprising led by a Cossack commander Pugachev announced the end of serfdom until the revolution was crushed
1861 in Russia, but the amount of land was not enough for the serfs to provide for themselves, and the life of the peasant remained one of isolation and poverty.
steam engine
The great breakthrough of the Industrial Revolution– provided an almost limitless source of power and could be used to drive any number of machines as well as locomotives and ships, etc
British textile industry
The site of the initial technological breakthroughs of the Industrial Revolution occurred in this industry, resulting in an enormous increase in output.
middle-class society
British social stratum developed in the nineteenth century, composed of small businessmen, doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, and other professionals required in an industrial society; politically liberal, they favored constitutional government, private property, free trade, and social reform within limits; had ideas of thrift, hard work, rigid morality, “respectability,” and cleanliness. Marx would call them the bourgeoisie
Woman during the Industrial Revolution
the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house, women were responsible for shopping, educating/having children, and doing “refined” activities such as embroidery, music, and drawing
Women were only temporarily taken out of the workforce; many became teachers, clerks, or nurses, but were expected to return home once they were married
lower middle class
Social stratum that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century and that consisted of people employed in the service sector as clerks, salespeople, secretaries, police officers, and the like; by 1900, this group comprised about 20 percent of Britain’s population.
For many this employment meant that they were seperated from the working class
laboring/working classes
The majority of Britain’s nineteenth-century population, which included manual workers in the mines, ports, factories, construction sites, workshops, and farms of Britain’s industrializing and urbanizing society; this class suffered the most and at least initially gained the least from the transformations of the Industrial Revolution.
Karl Marx
The most influential proponent of socialism, Marx was a German expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future.
Labour Party
British working-class, social democrat political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.
Russian Revolution of 1905
rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country’s defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms. This was a response to the problems of industrialization.
caudillos
Military strongmen who seized control of a government in nineteenth-century Latin America, and were frequently replaced.
Latin American export boom
Large-scale increase in Latin American exports (mostly raw materials and foodstuffs) to industrializing countries in the second half of the nineteenth century, made possible by major improvements in shipping; the boom mostly benefited the upper and middle classes.
Mexican Revolution
Long and bloody war (1910-1920) in which Mexican reformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Díaz and create a new, much more democratic political order.
This revolution nationalized the oil industry as well as many others and got rid of American and European influence
dependent development
Term used to describe Latin America’s economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions; also viewed as a new form of colonialism.
Bloody Sunday 1905
Peaceful protest against the Tsar where protesters are shot by the army, forces reforms- cause of the revolution
Evolutionary Socialism
This was the work that suggested that socialists should combine with other progressive forces to win gradual evolutionary gains for workers through legislation, unions, and further economic development
Porfirio Diaz/Porfiriato
Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910.
British Aristocracy during the Industrial Revolution
The aristocracy declined due to the wealth and power that factory owners, manufacturers, business men, and bankers gained from the IR. By the end of the 1800s that class led the major political parties.
The titled aristocracy was still very wealthy and had a high social status, many left Britain to be administrators and settlers in colonies
The Upper Middle Class
This class benefited the most from the Industrial Revolution, they became very wealthy as business owners, bankers, and merchants
They assimilated with the aristocracy, sent their sons to Oxford and Cambridge, bought large country homes, got seats in Parliament, and accepted titles from Queen Victoria
