unit 3 and 4 (1450-1700) Flashcards
Gunpowder Empires
Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals that used cannons and gunpowder to advance their military causes
Gutenberg Printing Press
Used moveable type to print, increased the speed of printing making books more available, increasing literacy, and helping the Reformation spread
Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)
Russian ruler who was cruel and tyrannical, murdered nobility and his own son, taxed people heavily, and took the title “czar”
Volga River
The longest river in Europe and Russia’s most important commercial river
Manchu
Federation of Northeast asian peoples who founded the Qing empire in China
Qing Dynasty
(1644-1911), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; ruled by the Manchu, began to isolate themselves from Western culture
Kangxi
Qing emperor (1662-1722), oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing dynasty
Emperor Qianlong
Emperor of the Qing dynasty from 1736-1795
He was approached by Lord Macartney about liberalizing trade restrictions; he turned down the offer claiming that Europe had nothing to offer China
Tamerlane
Very much like Genghis Khan; a military leader who conquered the lands of Persia; his empire was decentralized with tribal leaders.
Ghazi Ideal
a model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam
Served as a model for warriors who participated in the rise of the Gunpowder Empires
Ottoman Empire
Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa. Sunni Islam, but tolerant to other religions.
Mehmed II
Ottoman sultan called the “Conqueror”; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire.
Suleiman I (Suleiman the Magnificent)
Great Ottoman leader, expanded land area of Ottomans into parts of Europe (threatening Western Europe), and restructured system of law.
Safavid Empire
Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi’ite state, causing conflict with the Ottoman Empire. Was not tolerant of other religions, forced conversions to Shia.
Shah Abbas I
Shah of Iran (r. 1587-1629). The most illustrious ruler of the Safavid Empire, he moved the imperial capital to Isfahan in 1598, where he erected many palaces, mosques, and public buildings. He also expanded the empire by importing European gunpowder weapons, and tried to expand into the Ottoman empire, where the two armies clashed.
Mughal Empire
an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.
Akbar
The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration, which was not typical of ancient and post-classical India.
Divine Right of Kings
the theory that god appointed all monarchs to rule on his behalf
English Bill of Rights
King William and Queen Mary accepted the document in 1689; it declared certain rights for English citizens and that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document they accepted limited government in which the monarchy shared their power with the Parliament and the people
Absolutism
A form of government where the ruler is an absolute dictator and is not restricted by a constitution
Cardinal Richelieu
(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII, his three point plan (1. break the power of the nobility, 2. humble the House of Austria, 3. control the Protestants) helped put France on the path to an absolute monarchy
Intendants
French government agents that collected taxes and administered justice
They carried out the orders of the central government (ie the king)
They were sometimes called tax farmers because they collected taxes
Serfdom
A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medieval Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.
Peter the Great
(1672-1725) Tasr (r. 1689-1725) He introduced Western languages and technologies to Russian nobility and moved the capital from St. Petersburg to Moscow
Devshirme
Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples and training them to be Muslim bureaucrats and soldiers
They were considered tribute to the empire after conquest, but Islamic law prohibits enslavement in of Muslims and Jews so Christian boys were taken
Janissaires
Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan. This was the highest group, many served as the sultan’s bodyguards, in the army, or as diplomats.
It is an example of upward social mobility and many even wanted their sons to be taken
Zamindars
Archaic tax system of the Mughal empire where decentralized lords collected tribute for the emperor.
Askia the Great
Songhai ruler, he overthrew Sunni Baru. His reign was the high point of Songhai culture.
Shah Jahan
Mughal emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mughal architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666)
Taj Mahal
beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife
Lutheranism
the religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith
Martin Luther
Began the Protestant Reformation with his 95 theses which highlighted the luxurious lives of popes, corruption and immorality in the clergy, and more, he argued that religious authority came from the Bible not the Church and that it should be interpreted by the reader. The schism that the Reformation caused political fragmentation in Europe, and even caused violence such as that in France between Catholics and Huguenots or the Thirty Years War in the Holy Roman Empire, the Peace of Westphalia ended this by stating that every sovereign nation had the right to control religion in its own territory
Indulgences
Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.
Calvinism
A body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin.
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled in Massachusetts Bay. Unlike other settlers, they did not convert indigenous peoples.
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.
The movement fostered religious individualism by encouraging individuals to interpret the Bible for themselves
This led to political fragmentation, but more openness to innovation and learning
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religious unity in Europe. He was preoccupied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not solely focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.
Holy Synod
The replacement Peter the Great created for the office of Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church. It was a “bureaucracy of laymen under his supervision.”
