Unit 6 Flashcards
Urban Area
a city and its surrounding suburbs
Metropolitan Area
a city and the surrounding areas that are influenced economically and culturally by the city
Urban Sprawl
areas of poorly planned, low-density development surrounding a city
Edge City
areas of poorly planned, low-density development surrounding a city
Boomburb
a suburb that has grown rapidly into a large and sprawling city with more than 100,000 residents
Exurb
a typically fast-growing community outside of or on the edge of a metropolitan area where the residents and community are closely connected to the central city and suburbs
Infill
redevelopment that identifies and develops vacant parcels of land within previously built areas
Rank-size Rule
explanation of size of cities within a country; states the second-largest city will be one-half the size of the largest, the third largest will be one-third the size of the largest, and so on
Primate City
the largest city in a country, which far exceeds the next city in population size and importance
Central Place Theory
a theory used to describe the spatial relationship between cities and their surrounding communities
Threshold
in central place theory, the number of people needed to support a certain good or service
Range
in central place theory, the distance that someone is willing to travel for a good or service
Megacity
a city with a population of more than 10 million
Metacity
a city with a population of more than 20 million
World Cities
a city that wields political, cultural, and economic influence on a global scale
Concentric Zone Model
a model of urban development depicting a city growing outward from its central business district in a series of concentric rings
Sector Model
a model of urban development depicting a city with wedge-shaped sectors and divisions emanating from the central business district, generally along transit routes
Multiple Nuclei Model
a model of urban development depicting a city where growth occurs around the progressive integration of multiple nodes, not around one central business district
Nodes
the focal point of a functional region
Galactic City Model
a model of urban development depicting a city where economic activity has moved from the central business district toward loose coalitions of other urban areas and suburbs; also known as the peripheral model
Latin American City Model
a model of urban development depicting a city with with a central business district, concentric rings, a high-end commercial sector, and sections stricken by poverty; also known as the Griffin-Ford model
Disamenity Zones
a high-poverty urban area in a disadvantaged location containing steep slopes, flood-prone ground, rail lines, landfills, or industry
Squatter Settlements
an informal housing area beset with overcrowding and poverty that features temporary homes often made of wood scraps or metal sheeting
African City Model
a model of urban development depicting a city with three central business districts, growing outward in a series of concentric rings
Southeast Asian City Model
a model of urban development depicting a city oriented around a port and lacking a formal central business district, growing outward in concentric rings and along multiple nodes
Zoning
the process of dividing a city or urban area into zones within which only certain land uses are permitted
Ecological Footprint
impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain the use of natural resources
Mixed Use Development
a single planned development designed to include multiple uses, such as residential, retail, educational, recreational, industrial, and office spaces
Walkability
a measure of how safe, convenient, and efficient it is to walk in an urban environment
Transportation Oriented Development
the creation of dense, walkable, pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use communities centered around or located near a transit station
Smart Growth Policies
policy implemented to create sustainable communities by placing development in convenient locations and designing it to be more efficient and environmentally responsible
Mixed Use Zoning
zoning that permits multiple land uses in the same space or structure
Traditional Zoning
zoning that creates separate zones based on land-use type or economic function such as various categories of residential (low-, medium-, or high-density), commercial, or industrial
New Urbanism
a school of thought that promotes designing growth to limit the amount of urban sprawl and preserve nature and usable farmland
Slow Growth Cities
city where planners have used smart-growth policies to decrease the rate at which the city grows outward
Urban Growth Boundary
a boundary that separates urban land uses from rural land uses by limiting how far a city can expand
Green belt
a ring of parkland, agricultural land, or other type of open space maintained around an urban area to limit sprawl
De Facto Segregation
segregation that results from residential settlement patterns rather than from prejudicial laws
Redlining
practice by which a financial institution such as a bank refuses to offer home loans on the basis of a neighborhood’s racial or ethnic makeup
Blockbusting
a practice by real estate agents who would stir up concern that Black families would soon move into a neighborhood; the agents would convince White property owners to sell their houses at below-market prices
Inclusionary Zoning Laws
law that creates affordable housing by offering incentives for developers to set aside a minimum percentage of new housing construction to be allocated for low-income renters or buyers
Land Tenure
the legal rights, as defined by a society, associated with owning land
Eminent Domain
a government’s right to take over privately owned property for public use or interest
Environmental Injustice
the ways in which communities of color and poor people are more likely to be exposed to environmental burdens such as air pollution or contaminated water; also called environmental racism
Urban Renewal
the nationwide movement that developed in the 1950s and 1960s when U.S. cities were given massive federal grants to tear down and clear out crumbling neighborhoods and former industrial zones as a means of rebuilding their downtowns
Regional Planning
planning conducted at a regional scale that seeks to coordinate the development of housing, transportation, urban infrastructure, and economic activities
Brown fields
abandoned and polluted industrial site in a central city or suburb
