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AP Human Geography > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Culture

A

The beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technologies shared by a society and passed down from generation to generation.

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2
Q

Cultural Trait

A

a single attribute of a culture.

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3
Q

Artifacts

A

Visible objects and technologies that a culture creates.

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4
Q

Sociofacts

A

Structures and organizations that influence social behavior.

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5
Q

Popular Culture

A

Widespread behaviors, beliefs, and practices of ordinary people in society that a given point in time tend to change quickly.

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6
Q

Traditional Culture

A

Composed of long established behaviors, beliefs, and practices passed down from generation to generation.

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7
Q

Cultural Norms

A

Shared standards and patterns that guide the behavior of a group of people, play an important role in upholding traditions and keep traditional culture from changing.

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8
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The tendency of ethnic groups to evaluate other groups according to preconceived ideas originating from their own culture.

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9
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

Evaluation of a culture solely by its unique standards.

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10
Q

Cultural Landscape

A

A natural landscape that has been modified by humans reflecting their cultural beliefs and values.

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11
Q

Identity

A

How humans make sense of themselves and how they wish to be viewed by others.

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12
Q

Sequent Occupance

A

The notion that successive societies leave behind their cultural imprint.

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13
Q

Ethnicity

A

The state of belonging to a group of people who share common cultural characteristics.

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14
Q

Ethnic Neighborhoods

A

Cultural landscapes within communities of people outside their areas of origin.

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15
Q

Traditional Architecture

A

Established building styles of different cultures, religions, and places.

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16
Q

Postmodern Architecture

A

Emerged in the 1960’s as a reaction to modern designs which emphasized form, structure and materials.

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17
Q

Religion

A

A system of spiritual beliefs that helps firm cultural perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and values.

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18
Q

Pilgrimage

A

A journey to a holy place for spiritual reasons.

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19
Q

Language

A

Carrier of human thoughts and cultural identities.

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20
Q

Toponyms

A

Help define what is unique about a place

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21
Q

Gendered Spaces

A

When a society has strict roles for men and women, certain spaces may be designed and deliberately incorporated into the landscape to accommodate gender roles.

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22
Q

Gender Identity

A

How individuals perceive themselves and what they call themselves.

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23
Q

Safe Space

A

Spaces of acceptance for people such as members of the LGBTQIA+ community who are sometimes marginalized by society.

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24
Q

Gentrification

A

The renovations and improvements conforming to middle class preferences

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25
Q

Third Space

A

Refers to a communal space

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26
Q

Sense of place

A

A geographic location with meaning by connecting memories and feelings to it.

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27
Q

Placemaking

A

Community driven process in which people collaborate to create a place where they can live, work, play, and learn.

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28
Q

Dialects

A

Variation of a standard language specific to a general area.

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29
Q

Adherents

A

A person who is loyal to a belief, religion, or organization.

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30
Q

Denomination

A

A separate church organization that unites a number of local congregations.

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31
Q

Sect

A

A relatively Small group that has separated from an established denomination.

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32
Q

Centripetal Force

A

A forces that unites a group of people

33
Q

Centrifugal Force

A

A force that divides a group of people

34
Q

Expansion Diffusion

A

the spread of a cultural trait outward from where it originated

35
Q

Contagious Diffusion

A

the process by which an idea or cultural trait spreads rapidly among people of all social classes and levels of power

36
Q

Hierarchical Diffusion

A

the spread of an idea or trait from a person or place of power or authority to other people or places

37
Q

Stimulus Diffusion

A

the process by which a cultural trait or idea spreads to another culture or region but is modified to adapt to the new culture

38
Q

Lingua Franca

A

common language used among speakers of different languages

39
Q

Creolization

A

the blending of two or more languages that may not include the features of either original language

40
Q

Cultural Convergence

A

the process by which cultures become more similar through interaction

41
Q

Cultural Divergence

A

the process by which cultures become less similar due to conflicting beliefs or other barriers

42
Q

Acculturation

A

the process by which people within one culture adopt some of the traits of another while still retaining their own distinct culture

43
Q

Assimilation

A

a category of acculturation in which the interaction of two cultures results in one culture adopting almost all of the customs, traditions, language, and other cultural traits of the other

44
Q

Syncretism

A

process of innovation combining different cultural features into something new

45
Q

Multiculturalism

A

a situation in which different cultures live together without assimilating

46
Q

Collectivist Cultures

A

a culture in which people are expected to conform to collective responsibility within the family and to be obedient to and respectful of elder family members

47
Q

Cultural Appropriation

A

the act of adopting elements of another culture

48
Q

Language Family

A

a group of languages that share a common ancestral language from a particular hearth, or region of origin

49
Q

Isolate

A

a language that is unrelated to any other known language

50
Q

Language Branch

A

a collection of languages within a language family that share a common origin and separated from other branches in the same family several thousand years ago

51
Q

Language Groups

A

languages within a language branch that share a common ancestor in the relatively recent past and have vocabularies with a high degree of overlap

52
Q

Universalizing Religion

A

a religion that tries to appeal to all humans and is open to membership by everyone

53
Q

Ethnic Religions

A

a religion that is closely tied with a particular ethnic group living in a particular place

54
Q

Secularists

A

focused on worldly rather than spiritual concerns

55
Q

Indigenous

A

peoples defined in international or national legislation as having a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory

56
Q

Ethnic Enclave

A

a neighborhood, district, or suburb which retains some cultural distinction from a larger, surrounding area

57
Q

Ethnic Island

A

a small rural area settled by a single, distinctive ethnic group that placed its imprint on the landscape

58
Q

Linguistic

A

A system of communication through the use of speech

59
Q

Colonialism

A

the process by which one nation exercises near complete control over another country which they have settled and taken over

60
Q

Imperialism

A

Forceful extension of a nation’s authority by conquest or by establishing economic and political domination of other nations that aren’t it’s colonies.

61
Q

Ethnic Cleansing

A

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

62
Q

Genocide

A

the deliberate and systematic destruction of a group of people because of their ethnicity, nationality, religion, or race

63
Q

Hajj

A

Muslim Pilgrimage. If physically and financially able, a Muslim makes a pilgrimage to Makkah (Mecca). They usually make the trip around Ramadan.

64
Q

Minaret

A

A tall tower that is part of a mosque with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer.

65
Q

Dome of the Rock

A

Mosque constructed adjacent to western wall. Believe the rock it is built around where mohammed arrived from mecca and then ascended to heaven

66
Q

Western Wall Temple Mount

A

located in Jerusalem, it is the holiest of Jewish sites and supported the Second Temple, also known as the “Wailing Wall

67
Q

Sacred Sites

A

the place where religious figures and congregations meet to perform religious ceremonies.

68
Q

Shinto

A

Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism.

69
Q

Confucianism

A

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct

70
Q

Isogloss

A

a boundary line between two distinct linguistic regions

71
Q

Racism

A

a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.

72
Q

Race

A

A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics

73
Q

Animism

A

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life

74
Q

Polytheistic Religion

A

belief in multiple gods, usually that are responsible for different areas of the universe and of human experience

75
Q

Monotheistic Religion

A

the belief that there is only one god or divine being

76
Q

Reincarnation

A

the idea that after this life you will come back in another life either as a plant, animal, or a human life

77
Q

Caste System

A

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person’s occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society.

78
Q

Pidgin Language

A

A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.

79
Q

Non-Material Culture

A

Anything on the landscape that comprises culture that cannot be physically touched

AP Human Geography (7 decks)

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