unit 6 1-66 test 67-71 quiz 10 72-76 quiz 11

Question 1

what percentage of time is represented by the paleozoic era since the precambrian?

Answer 1

50% a total of 291 million years

Question 2

what type of fossil was used to redefine the precambrian-cambrian boundary in 1991?

Answer 2

appearance of distinctive trace fossils not body fossils

Question 3

sort the seven periods of the paleozoic era in order from oldest to youngest

Answer 3

cambrian period, ordovician period, silurian period, devonian period, mississippian period, pennsylvanian period and the permian period

Question 4

how does the us subdivide the carboniferous period

Answer 4

the u.s. calls them the mississippian and pennsylvanian periods only in europe they use the carboniferous period

Question 5

what was laurentia?

Answer 5

the name for ancestral north america

Question 6

in the early paleozoic, where was texas located (in reference to the equator)

Answer 6

south of the equator

Question 7

what is eustatic sea level

Answer 7

(world-wide) sea levels were higher throughout most of the paleozoic than the levels of today

Question 8

describe an epicontinental sea

Answer 8

widespread, shallow seas that transgress or regress over a craton

Question 9

what is a transgressive sea

Answer 9

describes a rise in sea level, generally over a craton

Question 10

describe (draw) a rock sequence associated with a transgressive sea

Answer 10

deep-water, sedimentary-rock sequence that overlies shallow-water, sedimentary-rock sequence

Question 11

what is a regressive sea?

Answer 11

describes a fall in sea level, generally off a craton; this would leave behind a stratigraphic sequence

Question 12

describe (draw) a rock sequence associated with a regressive sea

Answer 12

shallow-water sedimentary-rock sequence that overlies deep-water, sedimentary-rock sequences.

Question 13

in general what can be said about average sea levels during the cambrian as compared to today

Answer 13

cambrian had high sea levels transgressive and now the average sea level is lower regressive

Question 14

what was the transcontinental arch?

Answer 14

a series large, late cambrian island arcs that extended to southern new mexico and west texas

Question 15

where do we find cambrian age rocks in texas?

Answer 15

cambrian sand within the bliss sandstone (el paso area) enchanted rock (central texas) hickory sandstone (mason, texas)

Question 16

what is the cambrian explosion?

Answer 16

542 million years many different life forms suddenly appeared in the fossil record
represents the fundamental mysteries of the history of life on earth and the fossil record

Question 17

why would animals with protective shells be more likely to survive?

Answer 17

its an adaptation that would help them survive in the new environment

Question 18

what is meant by unknown phyla of the cambrian

Answer 18

have no living organisms with their basic body plan

Question 19

which geologic period had the most diverse phyla

Answer 19

during the cambrian period

Question 20

what is the significance of the cambrian chinese fossil site and its fossils?

Answer 20

first sign of complex life beginning on earth

the cambrian explosion may have occurred in as little as 10 million years.

Question 21

why are the burgess shale and its fossils so important to understanding the cambrian period?

Answer 21

they suggests the cambrian explosion occurred over a relatively short period of geologic time
provides fossil examples of earths first complex animals
contains some of the best period examples of soft bodied flora and fauna known

Question 22

what represents the first known vertebrate?

Answer 22

earliest known vertebrates are fish

Question 23

what period is known as the age of the trilobites?

Answer 23

cambrian is also known as the age of the trilobites

Question 24

what marks the end of the cambrian?

Answer 24

colder temperatures and mass extinction of most of the trilobites

Question 25

what type of tectonic zone is associated with orogenies?

Answer 25

convergent zones | colliding tectonic plates at convergent plate boundaries or subduction zones

Question 26

which mountains were formed with the taconic orogeny?

Answer 26

the appalachian mountains

Question 27

why do mountains persist for hundreds of millions of years despite erosion?

Answer 27

isostatic rebound the phenomena in which unloading of the crust causes the crust to rise until it attains equilibrium

Question 28

what do we call the deeper parts of mountains?

Answer 28

roots

Question 29

why is the ordovician ellenberger formation important to texas?

Answer 29

it associated 90 large oil fields and 50 major gas fields

Question 30

when did plants become widespread in the seas?

Answer 30

during the ordovician period

Question 31

which plants may have invaded land during the ordovician?

Answer 31

primitive algae and lichens invaded the land masses

Question 32

why is the silurian period fusselman dolostone important to texas?

Answer 32

its a major oil and gas producer in the deep wells of west texas

Question 33

what major evolutionary step did fish undergo during the silurian?

Answer 33

fish developed a jaw

Question 34

which was the first life form that moved onto land?

Answer 34

plants were the first life forms on land 430 milion years ago by algae and vascular plants

Question 35

what was the first animal life form that moved onto land?

Answer 35

insects are the earliest animals on land

Question 36

during what period did this land invasion take place?

Answer 36

the silurian period

Question 37

at the end of the devonian, laurentia is now called

Answer 37

euramerica

Question 38

which state contains a large portion of the mini-continent antler highlands?

Answer 38

the state of nevada

Question 39

what mineral is associated with the antler highlands?

Answer 39

gold

Question 40

what period is called the age of fish?

Answer 40

the devonian period

Question 41

what is a tetrapod?

Answer 41

vertebrate animals having 4 feet or leg-like appendages (excludes fish)

Question 42

what advantage might a lobe-fin give to a fish?

Answer 42

they will have a stronger fin to help them swim faster

Question 43

besides insects, which was the second group of animals to invade the land?

Answer 43

fish walking eusthenopteron

Question 44

when did earths second mass extinction occur?

Answer 44

at the end of the devonian period

Question 45

name an important mississippian period formation found in texas and why is it important?

Answer 45

the barnett formation oil and gas wells are widespread within the bartlett shale they contribute +$100 billion to the texas economy

Question 46

what type of eggs had to evolve for animals to advance to other environments?

Answer 46

amniotic egg

Question 47

which period is known as the age of the insects?

Answer 47

the pennsylvanian period

Question 48

how long has cockroaches been around?

Answer 48

since the pennsylvania period 318 million years to 299 million years

Question 49

which texas uplift is associated with the ouachita orogeny?

Answer 49

the llano area of central texas will be uplifted from great depths

Question 50

which widespread energy mineral was formed in the pennsylvanian period?

Answer 50

major coal deposits

Question 51

where are pennsylvanian period age rocks found in texas?

Answer 51

in central texas

Question 52

name the three orogenies associated with the appalachian mountains?

Answer 52

taconic orogeny oldest acadian orogeny allegheny orogeny

Question 53

how long will earths fourth ice age last in the permian?

Answer 53

half of the permian period

Question 54

which thick evaporate deposit was formed in the texas permian basin?

Answer 54

castile gypsum

Question 55

which texas mountain cliff is an ancient permian reef?

Answer 55

el capitan in the guadalupe mountains

Question 56

what valuable resource is found in the texas permian basin?

Answer 56

oil and gas deposits

Question 57

what do seymouria, eryops, and diplocaulus have in common?

Answer 57

they were along the shorelines of texas

Question 58

which carnivorous mammal-like retiles occurred in the permian period and also in texas?

Answer 58

the dimetrodon in archer county, north texas

Question 59

where have dimetrodons been found in texas?

Answer 59

in archer county, north texas

Question 60

what can be considered mammal-like?

Answer 60

primitive differentiation of teeth, like mammals (all other animals have same style teeth) they have several mammalian skeletal characteristics

Question 61

what happened at the end of the permian (life forms)?

Answer 61

largest mass extinction event ever recorded on earth

Question 62

during which three paleozoic periods did earth suffer major extinctions?

Answer 62

late ordovician late devonian late permian

Question 63

which of the three was the worst?

Answer 63

late permian

Question 64

what is the probable cause of this extinction?

Answer 64

we do not know for certain

Question 65

what defines a mass extinction?

Answer 65

twice the background rate

Question 66

what is the effect of extinction of a major dominant species?

Answer 66

its instrumental in the expansion of minor species to fill the niche left open by the mass exttinction

Question 67

succession of rocks bounded by unconformities and their equivalent conformable strata represents a

Answer 67

sequence

Question 68

limestone structures constructed by living organisms are

Answer 68

organic reefs

Question 69

devonian black shales in north america are rich in

Answer 69

uranium

Question 70

rhythmically repetitive sedimentary sequences are known as

Answer 70

cyclothems

Question 71

a modern example of a coal-forming environment is the

Answer 71

the okefenokee swamp

Question 72

what is the only phylum that evolved after the cambrian

Answer 72

phylum bryozoa

Question 73

how many species of trilobites have been described

Answer 73

15,000 species grouped into nine orders

Question 74

the permian invertebrate marine fauna were not widely distributed because

Answer 74

of the restricted size of the shallow seas on the cratons and the reduced shelf space along the continental margins

Question 75

which animal is shown in this figure

Answer 75

lchthyostega

Question 76

the earliest known fertile land plant was

Answer 76

cooksonia