unit 1 possible test 1-40 weekly quiz 1 41-45 weekly quiz 2 46-50

Question 1

how is earth history different from physical geology?

Answer 1

earth history studies the origin and evolution of earth.the history of earth and life on earth.
physical geology studies rocks and minerals as well the process that operates the earth surface and within the earth.

Question 2

the earliest simple use of stone by man creatures began more than ____ years ago.

Answer 2

2 million

Question 3

how did greek herodotus (500 bc) describe fossils?

Answer 3

forms of ancient life.

Question 4

how did Aristotle (350 bc) derive explanations to the natural world? (did he believe in scientific experiments?)

Answer 4

simple observations and logic (no experiments) and resolved scientific issues with “pronouncements”. pure thought and logic

Question 5

how did pliny the elder describe what we now know as fossil shark teeth?

Answer 5

tongue stones that fell to earth during lunar eclipses.

Question 6

what were some misinterpretations of fossils used by middle age europe?

Answer 6

works of the devil
early failed experiments of the creator
victims of noahs flood
creatures that grew in the rock from seeds within the rocks

Question 7

what interpretations did leonardo de vinci make of fossils, in regards to a world-wide flood and why was that a problem for him?

Answer 7

recognized that fossil assemblages resembled living marine communities
proposed fossils were remains of once-living creatures
noted interbedded fossiliferous and unfossiliferous layers of rocks, and inferred it was unlikely that all of these fossils were formed by one worldwide flood

Question 8

what do we call the thousand year period in which almost no scientific advancements were made?

Answer 8

the dark ages

Question 9

is it illegal to sell fake fossils?

Answer 9

no its not

Question 10

who is considered to be the father of mining and mineralogy?

Answer 10

georgius agricola (1553)

Question 11

geologic knowledge increased dramatically from 1650 to the 1800s because of ____.

Answer 11

more people became world travelers and observers
mining of minerals for the industrial age would become a science; here knowledge of geological factors is critical
poeple began collecting minerals and especially fossils as a serious hobby

Question 12

distinguish between stratum, strata and bedding planes, especially with a drawing.

Answer 12

stratum refers to a single layer of sediment or rock
strata two or more layers of sediments or rocks
bedding plane contact between two beds or stratum

Question 13

give a simple definition of stratigraphy.

Answer 13

stratigraphy the study of strata (layers of sediments or rocks)

Question 14

strata can be used to interpret - what?

Answer 14

the record of environmental changes of the earth’s surface

Question 15

there are two types of rocks that may contain fossils - which are they?

Answer 15

sedimentary rocks and volcanic ash

Question 16

why are stratigraphic sediments important to the field of geology?

Answer 16

can be used to determine the paleo-climates (ancient climates) and the paleo- environments (ancient environment) in which the sediments were originally deposited

Question 17

learn the “drawing symbols”for limestone, sandstone, shale, granite, metamorphic rocks, unconformity and baked zone.

Answer 17

limestone looks like brick wall. sandstone looks like little dots, shale looks like thick tv lines not to close, granite looks like confite, metamorphic schist looks like wavy lines, unconformity looks like one lifeline, baked zone looks like a catus on its side.

Question 18

what honor is given to nicolas steno (1636-1686)?

Answer 18

the father of stratigraphy

Question 19

principle of superposition

Answer 19

if undisturbed , the oldest layer of rock will be at the bottom of the sequence and the youngest layer of rock will be at the top of the sequence.

Question 20

principle of original horizontality

Answer 20

because of gravity, sediments will be deposited in essentially horizontal layers or strata.

Question 21

principle of lateral continuity

Answer 21

a layer of sediment will extend laterally in all directions, until the bed thins out or terminates against the edge of a basin.

Question 22

abraham werner taught “neptunism” that advocates that all rocks came from ______ which satisfied all biblical accounts

Answer 22

a universal ocean

Question 23

how long have we been using the words geology and geologist?

Answer 23

since 1778 around 236 years

Question 24

what honor is given to james hutton (1790s)

Answer 24

the father of modern geology

Question 25

define uniformitarianism which is a critical geological concept.

Answer 25

the present is the key to the past; present day geologic processes are the same processes that have operated over vast amounts of time

Question 26

do the rates and intensity of geologic changes have to be constant over time?

Answer 26

no they dont have to be constant

Question 27

why was the doctrine of catastrophism so important to many people?

Answer 27

it shaped the earth by a series of giant disasters that involved forces of tremendous violence, surpassing anything experience in nature.

Question 28

define a stratigraphic hiatus (how is it different than an unconformity?) remember that a hiatus is “missing strata and missing time” and an unconformity is a surface that represents _____ or _____ or both.

Answer 28

stratigraphic hiatus is an interval of geologic time that is not represented by strata. unconformity is a surface that represents erosion of rocks or non-deposition of rocks or both processes.

Question 29

disconformity (identify and define)

Answer 29

erosion creates a surface somewhat parallel to the existing sedimentary beds. strata discontines.

Question 30

nonconformity (identify and define)

Answer 30

erosion creates a surface that is cut into igneous or metamorphic rocks. it is later covered by layers of sediments and sedimentary rocks.

Question 31

angular unconformity (identify and define)

Answer 31

erosion creates a surface that cuts across folded or tilted strata. tilted rocks is later covered by other parallel layers of sediments and sedimentary rocks.

Question 32

principle of deformation (identify and define)

Answer 32

folds and tilted beds indicate deformation that postdates (after) deposition.folded strata

Question 33

principle of cross cutting relationships (identify and define)

Answer 33

a rock feature that cuts through a host rock is younger than the host rock it cuts. faulted strata (cross-cutting fault)

Question 34

principle of inclusions (identify and define)

Answer 34

igneous or sedimentary rocks that contain inclusions of other rocks must be younger than the rocks they include. inclusion of older granite in younger sandstone

Question 35

principle of baked contacts (identify and define)

Answer 35

an intruding or flowing igneous rock often “bakes or alters” the rock surrounding it

Question 36

who is considered the father of vertebrate paleontology?

Answer 36

baron georges cuvier (1796)

Question 37

what was the contribution by william smith to geology (fossils and maps)?

Answer 37

reasoned that older fossils are found in the lower beds and that fossils in the upper beds would be younger. also made one of the first accurate geologic maps.

Question 38

explain the relationship between biota and the principle of fossil succession (i.e. - how do geologists use this principle?)

Answer 38

fossil assemblages succeed one another through time in a regular and predictable order because
biota has become more complex through time.
fossil assemblages fossil biota are recognizably -different over time.
the relative ages of fossil assemblages can be determined over time.
strata with the same fossil assemblages are the same relative age (this is used by geologists.

Question 39

what type of a time indicator are fossils?

Answer 39

they are relative time indicators

Question 40

what was charles lyell’s contribution to geology?

Answer 40

1830 published the first geologic textbook “principles of geology”
is also called the father of historical geology

Question 41

the mining of minerals began ____

Answer 41

long before the study of geology. 180,000 b.c.

Question 42

the romans worked ____ mines for minerals and metals

Answer 42

many 50 a.d..

Question 43

noah’s flood easily fit into the doctrine of ____

Answer 43

catastrophism

Question 44

according to lehman,___ can be regarded as chapters in the history of the earth.

Answer 44

rock formations (1750)

Question 45

wer insisted that basalt was deposited ____

Answer 45

as sediment from water even as his students insisted they saw a volcano where lava came from molten rock (1775)

Question 46

how many fundamental principles of relative age dating are easily visible at the bryce canyon national park in utah?

Answer 46

there are 3 principle of superposition, principles of original horizontality, and principle of lateral continuity

Question 47

according to this picture, 280 million years ago, denver was once___

Answer 47

covered in sand like the sahara

Question 48

according to this picture, 70 million years ago, denver was once__

Answer 48

under water like the sea

Question 49

how can geologists determine the precise, radiometric ages of stalagmite layers?

Answer 49

they measure the ratio of uranium 234 to thorium 230

Question 50

between 75,000 years ago and 25,000 years ago in missouri, what major event took place according to stalagmite studies?

Answer 50

major changes in vegetation and average temperature fluctuations obtained from carbon 13 and oxygen 18 isotope