unit 5c

Question 1

What is immunology?

Answer 1

Describes the function of the immune system; protects from pathogenic microorganisms

Question 2

What are the two major components of immunology?

Answer 2

innate/natural

adaptive/specific

Question 3

Innate immunity is made up of what four components?

Answer 3

natural barriers

white blood cells

non-specific

does not require previous exposure to antigen

Question 4

examples of natural barriers.

Answer 4

skin
mucous membranes
proteins that cause inflammation

Question 5

Adaptive/specific immunity is ___-____ and _____.

Answer 5

cell-mediated

humoral

Question 6

what are the three antibody responses?

Answer 6

primary

secondary

seroconversion

Question 7

what is primary antibody response?

Answer 7

occurs after first exposure to antigen

Question 8

what is secondary antibody response?

Answer 8

• Lymphocytes remember
antigen from previous
exposure
• Faster response time
• Referred to as
“anamnestic response”
*Vaccines and
immunizations work by
producing secondary
antibody response.

Question 9

what is seroconversion antibody response?

Answer 9

• Antibody is
present in a
patients serum
who was
previously
negative.
• Time it takes to
develop
antibodies after
exposure to
antigen

Question 10

what is serology?

Answer 10

test for presence of immune reaction

Question 11

In serology what is direct test?

Answer 11

test specifically for antigen

Question 12

in serology what is an indirect test?

Answer 12

• Tests for antigen/antibody complex • Toxins • Testing for immune response to antigens
• Most common method used in serology

Question 13

examples of antigens

Answer 13

transplanted tissue

bacteria

viruses

parasites

fomites

pollen

chemicals

toxins

Question 14

what is Qualitative serology testing?

Answer 14

Is the antigen/antibody present?
• Helps determine presence of disease
• Positive or Negative

Question 15

what is Semiquantitative serology testing?

Answer 15

Helps determine if the results exceed the normal levels of antibodies when disease isn’t indicated
• Measures “dilutional strength” of reaction—Titer!

Question 16

what is Quantitative serology testing?

Answer 16

• Measure the actual number of antigens/antibodies present

* Ex: Viral load for HIV

Question 17

what is the 1st step of the general flow of a serology test?

Answer 17

patients serum (liquid portion of clotted blood) is collected

serum is collected in RED, GOLD, or TIGER top tube

Question 18

what is the 2nd step of the general flow of a serology test?

Answer 18

serum is mixed with commercial antigen similar to target pathogen

Question 19

what is the 3rd step of the general flow of a serology test?

Answer 19

antigens are labeled with “tags”

• fluorescent marker
• radioisotope
• latex bead

Question 20

what is the 4th step of the general flow of a serology test?

Answer 20

if present, antibodies in the patient serum will react (agglutinate) with the labeled antigens

Question 21

what is the 5th step of the general flow of a serology test?

Answer 21

antigen labeled tag allows for visualization agglutination

Question 22

list examples of autoimmune diseases

Answer 22

Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Lupus)
• Type I Diabetes
• Myasthenia Gravis

Question 23

list examples of hypersensitivity (allergies)

Answer 23

Hay fever
Asthma
Dermatitis

Question 24

list examples of malignancies

Answer 24

• Leukemias
• Lymphomas
• Multiple Myeloma

Question 25

list examples of acquired immunodeficiencies

Answer 25

``` infection systemic disease malignancies drug reactions irradiation ```

Question 26

list examples of cogenital immunodeficiencies

Answer 26

DiGeorge syndrome agammaglobulinemia severe combined immunodefiency

Question 27

within adaptive immunity the cell-mediated immune response is?

Answer 27

- controlled by activated T-cells (T-lymphocytes) - recognition of self and non-self cells - attacks viral infected cells, fungi, tumor cells, & intracellular organisms

Question 28

within adaptive immunity humoral immune response is?

Answer 28

- controlled by activated B cells (lymphocytes) and Immunoglobulins (antibodies) - attacks bacteria, toxins, and circulating antigens