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Intro clinical lab > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Earliest Evidence of urine testing for glucose

A

~2500 B.C.

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2
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Invented the compound microscope

A

1660s

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3
Q

Discovery of the cell was accredited to Robert Hook

A

1665

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4
Q

Cell theory was proposed by Theodore Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden

A

1839

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5
Q

Germ theory begin to replace Miasma theory with the help of Jon Snow

A

1854

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6
Q

Robert Koch isolated vibrio cholerae and founded modern bacteriology

A

1884

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7
Q

Systematic health checks performed on Ellis Island

A

1890s

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8
Q

First clinical lab open at John Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore

A

1896

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9
Q

American society for clinical pathology (ASCP) formed

A

1922

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10
Q

ASCP board of registry form to certify clinical laboratory professionals

A

1928

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11
Q

American Society for clinical laboratory science is formed (ASCLS)

A

1933

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12
Q

First autoanalyzer introduced

A

1957

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13
Q

Medicare and Medicaid established

A

1960s

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14
Q

National credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel (NCA) formed by ASCLS

A

1976

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15
Q

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA)

A

1988

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16
Q

NCA assumes by ASCP

A

2009

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17
Q

Clinical Laboratory Science

A

Provides info of analytical test on human body substances to detect evidence of or prevent disease or impairment and promote in monitor good health

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18
Q

Scope of practice

[Define by the American Society for clinical laboratory science ]

A

Assuring reliable test result which contributes to the prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of physiological and pathological conditions

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19
Q

Accreditation

A

The voluntary process in which a non-governmental agency grants recognition to institutions or programs that meet or exceed establish standards of quality

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20
Q

Registration

A

[A general term referring to the voluntary process that all person who engage in a given occupation register with the designated government agency]

process of a person in an occupation registers with a government agency

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21
Q

Certificate

A

A process by which an individual or institution is evaluated and recognized as meeting certain predetermined standards. Usually non-government and voluntary. examples: ASCP exam for medical technology

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22
Q

Licensure

A

The granting of permission by an authority (usually a state) to an individual or organization in some practice or activity. Examples: state leisure for physicians, nurses

Note: Texas does NOT require licensure for clinical laboratory professions!

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23
Q

Continuing Education

A

Professionalism includes continuing your education after graduation/certification. ASCP requires continuing education in order to maintain certification

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24
Q

What does it mean to be professional in a laboratory setting?

A

To be courteous conscientious and businesslike appearance and behavior

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25
Q

Why is professionalism important?

A

Promotes confidence, encourages positive/uplifting environment, creates trust and safety among patients and coworkers

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26
Q

Explain the impact of federal & state regulatory agencies on the clinical laboratory

A

implements safety for public health

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27
Q

Where are clinical labs located?

A

Hospitals, clinics, doctors offices, Department of Health, reference laboratories

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28
Q

The organization of clinical laboratory is specimen collection processing broken down into what departments?
(6)

A

Chemistry/serology, hematology, blood bank, microbiology, urinalysis, and coagulation.

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29
Q

What are the three types of specimen collection and their corresponding processing technique?

A
  1. Blood collection - Phlebotomy
  2. Urine Collection- Midstream clean catch and catheter
  3. microbiology- Wound swab, nasal/throat swab, tissue collection
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30
Q

Clinical chemistry

A

Best liquid portion of blood. Measurements of electrolytes, hormones, enzymes. Uses chemistry analyzer.

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31
Q

Immunology

A

also known as serology test for immune reactions of antibodies and antigens.

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32
Q

Clinical hematology

A

Test cellular components of blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

33
Q

Immunohematology

A

Also known as blood banks. Transfusion medicine

34
Q

Microbiology

A

Detection of pathogenic organisms through bacteriology, virology, microbiology, and parasitology

35
Q

Urinalysis

A

Analysis of urine

36
Q

Coagulation

A

Study of the body’s ability to form a clot

37
Q

Who can order lab test?

A

Only a medical doctor can order laboratory test for clinical testing

38
Q

Testing category: routine

A

Routine, ASAP, stash, Priya, NPO, PP, PC

39
Q

Education requirement for phlebotomist

A

High school graduate or equivalent, certification preferred from national exam or a SCP, community college program

40
Q

Education requirement for medical laboratory technician

A

Associates degree, one-year certificate, certification required ASAP, community college program

41
Q

Routine

A

Routine lab work
CBC
Complete blood count

42
Q

ASAP

A

As soon as possible

43
Q

Stat

A

Latin : statin
With haste
Now

44
Q

Phlebotomists roles and responsibilities

A

The practice of obtaining blood for testing purposes. Roles in hospitals, clinics and research facilities.

45
Q

Medical Lab technician roles and responsibilities

A

Technicians perform wide range of to routine lab procedures associated with blood and body-fluid analysis.
In hospitals, minor emergency centers, doctors offices, clinics, and blood donor centers.

46
Q

This personnel examines and analyze body fluids, tissues, and cells. Look for bacteria, parasites, and other microorganisms; analyze chemical content of fluids ; match blood transfusion; and test drug levels in blood to show treatment response.

Prepare specimen for examination, count cells, and look for abnormal cells.

Use automated equipment and instruments capable of performing a number of tests simultaneously; uses microscopes & cell counters

A

MLT

47
Q

Medical Laboratory Scientist (MLS) education requirements

A

Bachelor degree
Training at a nationally accredited program

3 + 1 program

  • Three years of traditional classroom courses in university
  • one year clinical

2 + 2 program

  • two year coursework university
  • two years MLS program

4 + 1 program

  • four year degree from university
  • one year post - graduate training at MLS/MLT program
48
Q

Laboratory Specialist education requirements.

A 
Seven years experience 
Certification 
-specialist in blood bank
-specialist in hematology
-specialist in microbiology
-anatomical pathology 
-clinical pathology
49
Q

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act

A

1988
Regulates the types of testing performed in a clinical laboratory

Divides testing into three main categories

  • wavied
  • moderate complex
  • highly complex
50
Q

Waived testing

A

cleared by the FDA for home use

procedure simple enough to negate error

specimen must not be manipulated by processing (centrifuged or diluted)

Operators receive on-the-job training

No Certification or education requirements

51
Q

bedside glucose meters

fecal occult blood card

urine pregnancy test

urine dipstick (macroscopic)

A

Wavied tests

52
Q

Moderately complex testing

A

patient specimen require minimal or no manipulation (centrifugation)

testing includes manual procedures with minimals steps

operators must have a minimum of highschool diploma and 50 weeks of military training

53
Q

Microscopic exam

  • wet mounts
  • KOH preparations
  • Pinworm exam
  • Fern test
  • Urinaylsis
  • Fecal leukocyte
  • Semen analysis
  • Nasal smears for eos
A

Moderately complex test

54
Q

Highly Complex Test

A

specialized knowledge needed

specialized training needed

manual interpretation of results

material require special handling

troubleshooting requires special knowledge

operators have minimum of associates degree in medical laboratory technology

55
Q

Department of health and human services

A

Oversees all governmental agencies that regulate clinical laboratories

Safeguard health of public

Provide health services essential to maintaining health

56
Q

Center for disease control and prevention

A

Monitor disease outbreaks, implant a disease prevention strategies, and maintains national health statistics

Provides immunization services, workplace safety, and environmental disease prevention
guidance
• Monitors international disease transmission
• Administers the Agency for Toxic Substances
and Disease Registry

57
Q

Center for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS)

A

• Administers Medicare, a federal healthcare coverage
plan for the elderly, those with severe kidney damage
who require dialysis, and people with certain disabilities
• Works with states to administer Medicaid, healthcare
coverage for individuals living at or below poverty levels
• Controls Medicare and Medicaid payment for medical
procedures, including laboratory services
• Regulates enforcement for CLIA
• Enforces the Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA, Title II)

58
Q

Food and Drug Administration

A

• Monitors safety and effectiveness of food,
drinks, cosmetics, drugs, and medical devices
• Determines whether a laboratory test is
classified as waived, moderately complex, or
highly complex

59
Q

hematology testing

  • WBC differentials
  • identification of cellular morphology

blood bank testing

  • ABO blood typing
  • Antibody testing
  • Cross-matching

Microbiology testing

  • staining procedures
  • organism biochemical reactions
A

high complexity tests

60
Q

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), which falls under the oversight of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), regulates all testing performed on humans through the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA). Based on the guidelines established by CLIA, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) categorizes laboratory tests based on complexity or procedure. The FDA assigns complexity based on a score of 1, 2, or 3 on seven different criteria

A

Knowledge needed to perform the test
Training and experience needed to perform test
Reagent and material preparations
Operational steps of testing procedure
Calibration, quality control, and proficiency testing materials
Test system troubleshooting and equipment maintenance
Interpretation of results and judgemen

61
Q

ASCP

A

American Society of clinical Pathologists . 1928

Certification agency

62
Q

AMT

A

American Medical Technologist 1939

Certification agency

63
Q

AAB

A

American association of Bioanalysts 1962

Certification agency

64
Q

NAACLS

A

national accreditation agency for clinical laboratory sciences

65
Q

JCAHO

A

joint commission on accreditation of healthcare organization

accredits hospitals and other similar health organizations

66
Q

CAP

A

College of American Pathologists

accredits labs

67
Q

COLA

A

Commission on office laboratory accreditation

Accredits physicans office labs

68
Q

ASCLS

A

American society for clinical laboratory science

69
Q

AABB

A

American association of blood banks

70
Q

AACC

A

American Association of Clinical chemists

71
Q

CLMA

A

clinical laboratory management association

72
Q

CLSI

A

Clinical and Laboratory standards institute

sets standards for clinical laboratory testing and identifies best practices

73
Q

“right to know” confidentiality and privacy

A

health care professionals working with patient

parents of a minor child

keep patients covered when possible

not calling out patients in

74
Q

Health insurance Portability and Accountability act

A

(HIPAA)
passed by congress in 1996

protect patient privacy with electronic databases

later expanded to include ALL aspects of patient privacy

75
Q

Laboratory Supervisor

A

specialist and upper level degree

76
Q

Laboratory Manager

A

Lab managers bring together their managerial skills and knowledge of safety and lab procedures to ensure that laboratories operate smoothly. Managerial duties generally include scheduling staff, reordering supplies and maintaining security standards.

bachelor degree

77
Q

Laboratory Director

A

The laboratory Director is responsible for the overall operation and administration of the laboratory, including the employment of competent personnel, equipment, safety, laboratory policies, quality assurance, all testing (including proficiency testing) and test reports.

Doctoral degree

78
Q

Medical director

A 
medical doctor (MD)
pathologist

Intro clinical lab (9 decks)

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