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Intro clinical lab > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Urinalysis

A

The study of urine and it’s physical, chemical, and microscopic properties.

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2
Q

Medical doctors can order _________ studies you determine the presence of a urinary tract infection, diabetes, metabolic disease, dehydration, and many other conditions.

A

Urinalysis

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3
Q

Hematology

A

The study of the cellular components of the blood.

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4
Q

What cells in the blood are analyzed in the hematology department?

A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. White blood cells
  3. Platelets
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5
Q

What type of blood cells help TRANSPORT oxygen to tissue and return carbon dioxide to the lungs.

A

Red blood cells

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6
Q

What type of blood cells help FIGHT bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infection.

A

White blood cells

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7
Q

What type of blood cells participate in clot formation?

A

Platelets

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8
Q

Cells in the ____ blood can analyzed to determine The presence of anemia bacterial infection leukemia parasite infection and acute/chronic blood loss and several other conditions.

A

Peripheral

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9
Q

The ______ Department test for the presence of substances used to diagnose monitor and treat patients.

A

Chemistry

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10
Q

List five substances that can be tested in the clinical chemistry department?

A
  1. electrolytes
  2. enzymes
  3. lipids
  4. metals
  5. drug metabolites
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11
Q

List examples of electrolytes?

A

Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Chloride (Cl-)
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

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12
Q

List examples of enzymes

A

Alkaline (ALP)
Troponin (trop)
Aspartate (AST)

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13
Q

List examples of lipids

A

Triglycerides (trig)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
High density lipoprotein (HDL)

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14
Q

List examples of metals

A

Iron (Fe)
Mercury (He)
Lead (Pb)

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15
Q

Drug metabolites

A 
Cocaine
Tetrahdrocannabional (THC)
Amphetamines 
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Dilation 
Vancomycin
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16
Q

The _______ department screens specimens for the presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

A

Microbiology

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17
Q

What type of medical professional can perform antibiotic susceptibility testing on bacteria to help clinicians prescribe the most effective antibiotic to treat their patients?

A

Microbiologist

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18
Q

The _______ department (blood bank) detects the presence of antigens on red blood cells and antibodies that can provoke an immune reaction.

A

Immunohematology

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19
Q

What is the primary goal of the blood bank operator?

A

Correctly identify patients and donors blood type

Identify antibodies that may cause immune reaction

Cross match compatible blood products to patients.

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20
Q

List the main functions of the urinary system

A

Maintain pH

Participate in metabolism

Regulate water balance

Excrete waste products

Produces urine which ultra filtrate of the blood

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21
Q

List the types of analysis for analyzing urine

A

Physical

Chemical

Microscopic

22
Q

Urinalysis helps to determine the presence of?

A

Disease

Infection

Metabolic disorder

Drugs of abuse

23
Q

List types of urine collection.

A

First morning
-more concentrated

Random
-less sterile

Mid-stream
-collected mid-way through urination
PREFERRED

Clean catch
-patient must cleanse urethral opening before urination

Catheterized
-most sterile

24
Q

Urine specimen should be examine within what amount of time?
Or be refrigerated at ____ up to __ hours?

A

1 hour

4 -6 C

8

25
Q

Failure to examine under specific conditions could result in inaccurate results of …

A

INCREASE bacteria

DECREASE glucose

INCREDIBLE pH

DECREASE ketones

Decomposition of casts

26
Q

Urinalysis color scale

A 
Light yellow
Yellow
Amber
Red 
brown
27
Q

Physical examination of urine COLOR:

Light yellow, pale yellow, straw

A

Present in more dilute specimens

28
Q

Physical examination of urine COLOR:

Yellow

A

Most often seen in normal urine

29
Q

Physical examination of urine COLOR:

Amber

A

Indicates presence of bilirubin which could be result of liver damage

30
Q

Physical examination of urine COLOR:

Red

A

May be result of blood in urine

31
Q

Physical examination of urine COLOR:

Brown

A

May be result of melanoma

32
Q

Physical examination of urine CLARITY:

Clear

A

Normal

Fresh urine

33
Q

Physical examination of urine CLARITY:

Slightly cloudy or Hazy

A

Normal
Concentrated
Mucous, sperm, prostate fluid, skin cells, urine crystals, contaminates

34
Q

Physical examination of urine CLARITY:

Cloudy

A

Fresh - bacterial infection

Old- bacterial growth from delayed processing

35
Q

Physical examination of urine CLARITY:

Turbid

A

Uti/sti

Protein

Kidney failure

36
Q

Chemical examination of urine: what do reagent test strips test?

A

pH

protein

Glucose

Ketone

Bilirubin

Blood

Urobilinogen

Specific gravity

Leukocytes

Bacteria

37
Q

Within what amount of time should you test FRESH urine?

A

One hour

38
Q

When should you test a refrigerated urine sample?

A

Allow the sample to return to room temp.

39
Q

Describe the process of using urinalysis multistory test strips.

A
  1. Dip testing strip in urine specimen
  2. Assure eye sting pads are completely covered
  3. Blot excess urine
  4. Compare testing pads to color chart to grade reaction
40
Q

Chemical examination of urine
Reagent:
pH

A

Measures ACIDITY or ALKALINITY of urine

41
Q

Chemical examination of urine
Reagent:
Protein

A

Detects the presence of protein in urine (proteinuria)

Seen in renal disease & UTI

42
Q

Chemical examination of urine
Reagent:
Glucose

A

Measure glucose in urine (glycosuria).
Indicates blood glucose levels have exceeded renal threshold.
Seen in diabetics.

43
Q

Chemical examination of urine
Reagent:
Ketones

A

Excreted as a biproduct of fatty acid metabolism (ketonuria).
Seen in diabetics.

44
Q

Chemical examination of urine
Reagent:
Bilirubin

A

Biproduct of hemoglobin breakdown.

Seen in liver disease and bile duct obstruction.

45
Q

Chemical examination of urine
Reagent:
Blood

A

Detects presence of blood in urine (hematuria)

Can indicate infection, trauma, or bleeding of the kidneys

46
Q

Chemical examination of urine
Reagent:
Urobilinogen

A

Is a product of bilirubin degradation.

Elevated in presence of hepatic and/or hemolytic disease.

47
Q

Chemical examination of urine
Reagent:
Nitrite

A

Produced by gram negative bacteria converting nitrate to nitrite.
Can indicate infection if present in fresh specimen.
Old specimen possible contamination.

48
Q

Chemical examination of urine
Reagent:
Leukocyte Esterase

A

Produced by white blood cells in urine (pyuria). Can indicate UTI.

49
Q

Microscopic observation of urine:

cells

A
  • red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
  • White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
  • epithelial cells
  • spermatoza
50
Q

microscopic observation of urine:

microorganisms

A

bacteria
yeast
parasites

51
Q

microscopic observation of urine: c_____ & c _____

A

crystal & casts

Intro clinical lab (9 decks)

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