Unit 5 Vocab Flashcards
Abolitionism
the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people which gained followers in 18th century
Adam Smith
one of the most influential thinks of the Enlightenment; wrote Wealth of Nations which responded to mercantilism and called for freer trade
Agricultural Revolution
the transformation of human existence caused by the deliberate cultivation of particular plants and the deliberate taming and breeding of particular animals
Anti-Semitism
hostility towards Jews
Automatic Loom
allowed clothes to be made at a faster rate and changed bobbins automatically without stopping; Toyoda Loom Works made one and later became Toyota Motor Company
Baron Montesquieu
French philosopher who argued that the best system of government divided the power of government into three parts: legislative, executive, and judicial
Bastille
a former prison in Paris that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy; it was stormed by angry crowds on July 14, 1789
Bessemer Process
a more efficient way to produce steel by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities
Bourgeoisie
the middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories where workers produced goods
Bushido
the code of conduct of the samurai which was longer condoned by the government after 1871
Capital
money available to invest in business
Capitalism
an economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources, are privately owned and are operated for profit
Cecil Rhodes
founder of De Beers Diamonds, he was an especially enthusiastic investor in a railroad project that was to run from Cape Town to Cairo to connect British-held colonies
Charles Fourier
utopian socialist that and social critic who worked to establish ideal communities that would point the way to an equitable society
Charter Oath
five point policy issued by Japan’s Meiji emperor, which described Japan’s plan for modernization calling for democracy, equality of class, rejection of outdated customs, and acceptance of foreign knowledge
Classical Liberalism
a belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches
Coaling Stations
ports where ships could refuel with coal
Commodore Matthew Perry
US navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, arrived in Japan to demand they open up trade
Company Rule
British East India Company control over parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1757 to 1858
Communism
a political system in which the government owns all property and dominates all aspects of life in a country; Marx believed socialism would replace capitalism and communism would replace socialism as the final stage of economic development
Conservatism
a belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories
Consumerism
the culture or ideology of excessive consumption of material goods or services
Cottage Industry
industry in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes
Crop Rotation
rotating different crops in and out of a field each year
Declaration of Independence
The fundamental document establishing the United States as a nation, adopted on July 4, 1776
Declaration of the Rights of Man
one of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution, defining a set of individual rights and collective rights of all of the estates as one
Deism
the belief that divinity simply set natural laws in motion
Division of Labor
production process in which a worker or group of workers is assigned a specialized task in order to increase efficiency
Dreyfus Affair
A political scandal that divided the Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women’s rights movement organized women’s rights and women’s suffrage movements in the United States of America
Empress Dowager Cixi
imprisoned Emperor Guangxu and reversed his reform edicts; wanted to protect traditional social and government systems in China
Empiricism
the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, from what you observe through your experience, including experiments
Enlightenment
Post-Renaissance period in European history devoted to the study and exploration of new ideas in science, politics, the arts, and philosophy
Friedrich Engels
wealthy supporter of Karl Marx who contributed to the publication of the Communist Manifesto which summarized their critique of capitalism
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)
a prominent bank established and based in Hong Kong since 1865 and focused on finance, corporate investments, and global banking when Hong Kong was a colony of the British Empire
Human Capital
the workforce
Immigration
the movement of people into the country from other countries
Industrial Revolution
new technologies reshaped societies and led to dramatic changes
Industrialization
increased mechanization of production
Interchangeable Parts
identical machine components that can be substituted one for another
James Watt
made a version of the steam engine in 1765 that provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam which generated energy
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Genevan philosopher and writer whose political philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological, and educational thought
John Locke
philosopher who wrote two Treatises of Government and advocated the idea of the social contract
John Stuart Mill
British philosopher who championed legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor, and ensure safe working conditions in factories
Karl Marx
German scholar and writer who argued for socialism; published the Communist Manifesto
Labor Unions
organizations of workers that advocate for the right to bargain with employers and put resulting agreements in a contract
Limited-Liability Corporations
a business organization in which the owners have limited personal legal responsibility for debts and actions of the business
Laissez-faire
French for “leave alone,” an economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from tariffs, government subsidies, and enforced monopolies, with only enough government regulations sufficient to protect property rights against theft and aggression
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer who published A Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792 that argues that women should receive the same education as men
Means of Production
machines, factories, mines, and land needed to produce goods
Meiji Restoration
the dissolution of Japan’s feudal system of government and the restoration of the imperial system that led to Japan modernizing and industrializing
Mahmud II
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839 whose reforms helped to consolidate the Ottoman Empire despite defeats in wars and losses of territory
Nationalism
a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture
New Zealand Wars
military confrontations between the Maori and British over who had rights to the land which eventually ended in European colonization of New Zealand
Mamluks
former Turkish slaves who formed a military class
Monopoly
control of a specific business and elimination of all competition
Mass Production
the manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks which made goods cheaper, more abundant, and more easily accessible
Muhammed Ali
Albanian Ottoman officer who was selected to be the new governor of Egypt; reformed Egypt and pushed it to industrialize
Ottomanism
movement in the 1870s and 1880s that aimed to create a more more modern, unified state by minimizing ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences across the empire
Otto von Bismarck
a German statesman who unified numerous German states into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership, then created a “balance of power” that preserved peace in Europe from 1871 until 1914
Philosophes
a group of thinkers and writer in the 18th century that explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways
Raw Materials
the basic material from which products are made
Proletariat
the working class who often worked in factories and mines for little compensation
Reign of Terror
a period during the French Revolution in which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution
Realpolitik
system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations
Second Industrial Revolution
key players were the United States, Great Britain, and Germany; developments included steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics
Seed Drill
a device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground
Simon Bolivar
leader of revolt in South American colonies against Spanish rule
Slums
areas of cities where low-income families were forced to live
Self-Strengthening Movement
China’s program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West
Social Contract
an agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed
Socialism
a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production such as the mills to make cloth or the machinery and land needed to mine coal
Stockholders
individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it is formed or later through stock market
Tenement
poorly constructed, crowded apartment building that working class families lived in; often owned by factory owners themselves
Tabula Rasa
the “blank slate” that Locke proposed people were born with that could be filled with knowledge
Thomas Paine
defended Deism in his book The Age of Reason
Toussaint L’Ouverture
former slave who led a general rebellion against slavery in the Haitian Revolution and was the first leader of a free Haiti
Transcontinental Railroad
railroad which linked the east and west coasts of the United States
Trans-Siberian Railroad
stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, allowing Russia to trade easily with countries in East Asia
Utilitarianism
philosophy of John Stuart Mill that sought “the greatest good for the greatest number of people”
Utopian Socialists
those who felt that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities
Voltaire
French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion, free trade and separation of church and state
White-collar
middle class office workers
Working Class
those in Britain who labored in factories and mines
Zaibatsu
powerful Japanese family business organizations like the conglomerates in the United States
Zionism
the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East
