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AP Human Vocab > unit 5 vocab > Flashcards

unit 5 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

the variety and variability of plants, animals, and micro organisms that are used directly or indirectly for food and agriculture

A

agricultural bio diversity

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2
Q

a landscape resulting from the interactions between farming activities and a location natural environment

A

agricultural landscape

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3
Q

an eco system modified for agricultural use

A

agreosystem

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4
Q

layers of sand, gravel, and rocks that contain and can release a usable amount of water

A

aquifer

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5
Q

the variety of organisms living in a location

A

biodiversity

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6
Q

the science of altering living organisms, often through genetic manipulation to create new products for specific purposes such as crops that resist certain pests

A

biotechnology

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7
Q

reliable access to safe and nutritious food that can support an active and healthy lifestyle

A

food security

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8
Q

a farming management concept that uses technology to apply inputs with pinpoint accuracy to specific parts of fields to maximize crop yields, reduce waste and preserve the environment

A

precision agriculture

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9
Q

artificial lake used to store water

A

reservoir

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10
Q

the process by which water soluble salts build up in the soil, which limits the ability of crops to absorb water

A

salinization

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11
Q

the shifting of population away from cities into surrounding suburbs

A

suburbinzation

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12
Q

the process of carving parts of a hill or mountainside into small level growing plots

A

terracing

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13
Q

agreement between a bank and a peripheral country I n which bank forgives a portion of the countries debt in exchange for local investment in conversation measures

A

debt-for-nature-swap

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14
Q

a loss of forested land

A

deforestation

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15
Q

a form of land degradation that occurs when soil to deteriorates to a deservitive condition

A

desertification

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16
Q

cost reductions that occur when production rises

A

economies of scale

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17
Q

area where residents lack access to healthy, nutritious foods because stores selling these foods are too far away

A

food desert

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18
Q

the disruption food intake or eating patterns because of poor access to food

A

food insecurity

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19
Q

the large scale system that includes the production, processing, and distribution of agriculture products and equipment

A

agribusiness

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20
Q

a netowork of people, information, processes and resources that work together to produce, handle, distribute a commodity or product

A

commodity chain

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21
Q

an economy having two agriculture sectors that have different levels of technology and different patterns of demand

A

dual agriculture economy

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22
Q

a movement that tries to provide farmers and workers in peripheral and semi-peripheral countries with a far price for their products by providing m ore equitable trading conditions

A

fair trade

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23
Q

a form of aid and insurance given by the federal government to certain farmers and agribusinesses

A

farm subsidy

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24
Q

a network of people, information, processes, and resources that work together to produce, handle and distribute goods around the world

A

global supply chain

25
Q

the product created by breeding different varieties to enhance the most favorable characteristics

A

hybrid

26
Q

the purposeful cultivation of plants or raiding of animals to produce goods for survivial

A

agriculture

27
Q

an area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals

A

agricultural hearth

28
Q

a theory that describes the relationships between land value, commercial location, and transportation (primarily in urban areas) Ising a bid-rent gradient or slope used to describe how land costs are determined

A

bid-rent theory

29
Q

the central location where the majority of consumer services are located in a city or town because accessibility of th location attracts these services.

A

central business district (CBD)

30
Q

an area that has similar climate patters generally based on its altitude and its location on a coast or continental interior

A

climate region

31
Q

a rural settlement pattern in which residents live in close proximity to one another, with farmland and posture land surrounding the settlement; also known as a nucleated settlement

A

clustered settlement

32
Q

an agriculture practice that focuses on producing crops and raising animals for the market for others to purchase

A

commercial agriculture

33
Q

the exchange of goods and ideas between the Americas, Europe, and Africa that began after Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492

A

Columbian exchange

34
Q

a plant or animal with specific characteristics obtained through the manipulation of its genetic makeup

A

genetically modified organism (GMO)

35
Q

movement beginning the 1950’s and 1960’s in which scientist used knowledge of genetics to develop new high-yield strains of grain crops

A

green revolution

36
Q

an agriculture practice in which farmers expand a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land

A

intense agriculture

37
Q

a rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings form in a long line that usually follows a land feature or aligns along a transportation route

A

linear settlement

38
Q

a type of farming that produces fruits, vegetables, and flowers and typically serves a specific market or urban area

A

market gardening

39
Q

the varying of crops from year to year to allow for the restoration of valuable nutrients and the continueing productivity of the soil

A

crop rotation

40
Q

a rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings are isolated from one another and all the homes in a settlement are distributed over a relatively large area.

A

dispersed settlement

41
Q

the deliberate effort to frow plants and raise animals making plants and animals adapt to human demands and using selective breeding to develop desiralde characteristics

A

domestication

42
Q

system in which communal lands were replaced by farms owned by individuals and use of the land was restricted to the owner or tenants who rented the land from the owner

A

enclosure system

43
Q

an agriculture practice with relatively few input and little investment in labor and capital that results in relatively low outputs

A

extensive agriculture

44
Q

the shift from foraging for food to farming about 11000 years ago, marking the beginning of agriculture

A

first agriculture revolution

45
Q

small nomadic groups who had primarily plant based diets and ate small animals of fish for protein.

A

foragers

46
Q

an agricultural practice that consists of growing hardy trees and shrubs and raising sheep and goats

A

mediterranean agriculture

47
Q

a type of farming in which both crops and live stock are raised for profit

A

mixed crop and livestock stystem

48
Q

the cultivation of one or tow crops that are rotated seasonally

A

monocropping

49
Q

a type of agriculture based on people moving their domesticated animals seasonally or as needed to allow the best grazing

A

nomadic herding

50
Q

a type of large scale commercial farming of one particular crop

A

plantation agriculture

51
Q

a change in farming practices marked by new tools and techniques that diffused Britain and the Low Countries starting in the early 18th century

A

second agricultural revolution

52
Q

the agriculture proactive of growing crops or grazing animals on a piece of land for a year or two, then abandoning that land when the nutrients have been depleted from the soil and moving to a new piece of land where the process is repeated.

A

shifting cultivation

53
Q

a method of agriculture in which existing vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown; often used when clearing the land

A

slash and burn

54
Q

an agriculture practice that provides crips or live stock to feed ones family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and people to care for the crops and livestock

A

subsistence agriculture

55
Q

a shift to further mechanization in agriculture through the development of new technology and adavances that began in the early 10th century an continues to the present day

A

third agriculture revolution

56
Q

the movement of the herds between pastures at cooler higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter

A

transhumance

57
Q

the many systems and facilities that a country needs in order to function properly

A

infrastructure

58
Q

the combining of a company’s ownership and control over more than one stage of the production process of goods

A

vertical integration

59
Q

a model that suggests that perishability of the product that transport costs to the market each factor into the location of agriculture land use and activity

A

von Thunen model

AP Human Vocab (5 decks)

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