unit 5 vocab Flashcards
the variety and variability of plants, animals, and micro organisms that are used directly or indirectly for food and agriculture
agricultural bio diversity
a landscape resulting from the interactions between farming activities and a location natural environment
agricultural landscape
an eco system modified for agricultural use
agreosystem
layers of sand, gravel, and rocks that contain and can release a usable amount of water
aquifer
the variety of organisms living in a location
biodiversity
the science of altering living organisms, often through genetic manipulation to create new products for specific purposes such as crops that resist certain pests
biotechnology
reliable access to safe and nutritious food that can support an active and healthy lifestyle
food security
a farming management concept that uses technology to apply inputs with pinpoint accuracy to specific parts of fields to maximize crop yields, reduce waste and preserve the environment
precision agriculture
artificial lake used to store water
reservoir
the process by which water soluble salts build up in the soil, which limits the ability of crops to absorb water
salinization
the shifting of population away from cities into surrounding suburbs
suburbinzation
the process of carving parts of a hill or mountainside into small level growing plots
terracing
agreement between a bank and a peripheral country I n which bank forgives a portion of the countries debt in exchange for local investment in conversation measures
debt-for-nature-swap
a loss of forested land
deforestation
a form of land degradation that occurs when soil to deteriorates to a deservitive condition
desertification
cost reductions that occur when production rises
economies of scale
area where residents lack access to healthy, nutritious foods because stores selling these foods are too far away
food desert
the disruption food intake or eating patterns because of poor access to food
food insecurity
the large scale system that includes the production, processing, and distribution of agriculture products and equipment
agribusiness
a netowork of people, information, processes and resources that work together to produce, handle, distribute a commodity or product
commodity chain
an economy having two agriculture sectors that have different levels of technology and different patterns of demand
dual agriculture economy
a movement that tries to provide farmers and workers in peripheral and semi-peripheral countries with a far price for their products by providing m ore equitable trading conditions
fair trade
a form of aid and insurance given by the federal government to certain farmers and agribusinesses
farm subsidy
a network of people, information, processes, and resources that work together to produce, handle and distribute goods around the world
global supply chain
the product created by breeding different varieties to enhance the most favorable characteristics
hybrid
the purposeful cultivation of plants or raiding of animals to produce goods for survivial
agriculture
an area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals
agricultural hearth
a theory that describes the relationships between land value, commercial location, and transportation (primarily in urban areas) Ising a bid-rent gradient or slope used to describe how land costs are determined
bid-rent theory
the central location where the majority of consumer services are located in a city or town because accessibility of th location attracts these services.
central business district (CBD)
an area that has similar climate patters generally based on its altitude and its location on a coast or continental interior
climate region
a rural settlement pattern in which residents live in close proximity to one another, with farmland and posture land surrounding the settlement; also known as a nucleated settlement
clustered settlement
an agriculture practice that focuses on producing crops and raising animals for the market for others to purchase
commercial agriculture
the exchange of goods and ideas between the Americas, Europe, and Africa that began after Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492
Columbian exchange
a plant or animal with specific characteristics obtained through the manipulation of its genetic makeup
genetically modified organism (GMO)
movement beginning the 1950’s and 1960’s in which scientist used knowledge of genetics to develop new high-yield strains of grain crops
green revolution
an agriculture practice in which farmers expand a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land
intense agriculture
a rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings form in a long line that usually follows a land feature or aligns along a transportation route
linear settlement
a type of farming that produces fruits, vegetables, and flowers and typically serves a specific market or urban area
market gardening
the varying of crops from year to year to allow for the restoration of valuable nutrients and the continueing productivity of the soil
crop rotation
a rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings are isolated from one another and all the homes in a settlement are distributed over a relatively large area.
dispersed settlement
the deliberate effort to frow plants and raise animals making plants and animals adapt to human demands and using selective breeding to develop desiralde characteristics
domestication
system in which communal lands were replaced by farms owned by individuals and use of the land was restricted to the owner or tenants who rented the land from the owner
enclosure system
an agriculture practice with relatively few input and little investment in labor and capital that results in relatively low outputs
extensive agriculture
the shift from foraging for food to farming about 11000 years ago, marking the beginning of agriculture
first agriculture revolution
small nomadic groups who had primarily plant based diets and ate small animals of fish for protein.
foragers
an agricultural practice that consists of growing hardy trees and shrubs and raising sheep and goats
mediterranean agriculture
a type of farming in which both crops and live stock are raised for profit
mixed crop and livestock stystem
the cultivation of one or tow crops that are rotated seasonally
monocropping
a type of agriculture based on people moving their domesticated animals seasonally or as needed to allow the best grazing
nomadic herding
a type of large scale commercial farming of one particular crop
plantation agriculture
a change in farming practices marked by new tools and techniques that diffused Britain and the Low Countries starting in the early 18th century
second agricultural revolution
the agriculture proactive of growing crops or grazing animals on a piece of land for a year or two, then abandoning that land when the nutrients have been depleted from the soil and moving to a new piece of land where the process is repeated.
shifting cultivation
a method of agriculture in which existing vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown; often used when clearing the land
slash and burn
an agriculture practice that provides crips or live stock to feed ones family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and people to care for the crops and livestock
subsistence agriculture
a shift to further mechanization in agriculture through the development of new technology and adavances that began in the early 10th century an continues to the present day
third agriculture revolution
the movement of the herds between pastures at cooler higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter
transhumance
the many systems and facilities that a country needs in order to function properly
infrastructure
the combining of a company’s ownership and control over more than one stage of the production process of goods
vertical integration
a model that suggests that perishability of the product that transport costs to the market each factor into the location of agriculture land use and activity
von Thunen model
