Unit 5 Test Flashcards
About how many immigrants came to America between 1840 and 1860?
4 million
Where did most of these immigrants come from?
Germany and Ireland
What are “push” factors?
Why people want to leave their countries
What are “pull” factors?
What makes the new country attractive
Give examples of push and pull factors
Push: famine, war, loss of jobs
Pull: freedom, more land, opportunities for success
What two reasons caused the Irish to come to America in the 1800s
Irish potato famine and no opportunity for wealth/success
Where did most of the Irish settle?
East coast
What jobs did the Irish have?
Builders of canals, roads and railroads
Why did many Germans leave their country?
Political/ economic reasons
Where did the Germans tend to settle?
Midwest
What jobs did the Germans have
Farmers, skilled workers (Mason’s tailors seamstresses)
Why were some native-born Americans opposed to immigration?
Immigrants worked for less
How did religion contribute to problems between american and immigrants?
Catholic immigrants vs. Protestant Americans
What is the name for Americans who opposed immigration?
Nativists
What is the name of the political party they form?
Know-nothing’s
What are the Nativists three main goals?
- Make it difficult for immigrants to become citizens
- Keep them from holding public office
- Keep Catholics from holding public office
How did the industrial revolution help the development of cities?
Large factories and corporations
How did the Transportations Revolution influence the growth of cities?
Made it possible for more Americans to travel to cities
What new socioeconomic group develops?
The middle class
What jobs did the middle class have?
Manufacturers, merchants, craft people
How did they differ from the other two classes?
Not as wealthy we upper class not as poor as lower class
What were some problems in living conditions in the cities?
Water pollutes, poor sanitation, criminal activity
How much do cities grow between 1820 and 1850
It doubles
Where were most cities in America located?
North
What does the term “antebellum” mean?
Before war
When associated with America means before the civil war
What are the five major reform movements of this time period?
- Temperance
- Asylum
- Abolitionism
- Women’s rights
- Education
How do the beliefs of the Unitarians differ from the beliefs of the Puritans?
They believed a God of love instead of a God anger
According to a Unitarian, how does a person show love for God?
By helping others and doing good
Why did social reform movements occur mainly in the North?
They challenged the southern way of life
What is meant by “social gospel”
Social conscience- applying the things that you learn in church into your daily life
What two religious groups see the greatest increase in membership?
Baptists and Methodists
What was the goal of the temperance movement?
Curbing the drinking of alcohol
Why are there drastic increases and decreases in alcohol consumption in the U. S.?
War= increase Peace= decrease
What three places did the asylum movement focus on reforming?
Orphanages, jails, hospitals
What changed about the goal of these asylums?
Started with separating these people from society then wanted to help them integrate back in
Who was the major leader of the asylum reform movement?
Dorothea Dix
What were some of the conditions she reported?
People are chained up, kept in cages, beaten with rods
What effect does she have on asylums in America?
She changes a few things but the bigger changes occurred in the late 1900s
Who is the leader of the educational reform movement?
Horace Mann
What are some new educational ideas Mann introduces?
Minimum length school year, training for teachers, state board of education, history and geography
Why was Oberlin College different from any other college?
First co-Ed college
What was the name of the first women only college?
Mount Holyoke
What is the goal of the abolitionist movement?
To end slavery
How do gradualist and immediatists differ in the slavery issue?
G: faze it out, don’t do it all at once
I: we need to end slavery now
Who was the newspaper editor who was a leading abolitionist? What is his newspaper called?
William Lloyd Garrison, the Liberator
What are some of Garrisons main ideas on slavery?
1 immediate ending of slavery
2 racial equality
3 salver holders in the south should not be compensated for
Why was Frederick Douglas such and influential abolitionist?
He lived through slavery first hand
Who is Isabella Baumfree? What is the significance of her other name?
Escaped slave, changed her name to Sojourner Truth which means traveling truth
What two factors made immigrants on increase in America in the 1800s?
A. Growth in industry
B. Opening of the West
What is the Underground Railroad?
The route where slaves would go to escape from the south
Why were white Americans important to the success of the Underground Railroad?
Because their houses were used to hold slaves
What are some terms from be Underground Railroad that are similar to a regular railroad?
Conductor, passengers
Where does slavery grow most rapidly between between 1820 and 1860?
The cotton belt
What are some conditions women in the 19th century dealt with?
A. Unable to vote
B. Legal status of a minor
C. Single: could own her own property
D. Married: no control over property or children
E. Could not initiate divorce
F. Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract or bring suit in court without husbands permission
What does the term “Cult of Domesticity” mean?
A women’s place was in the home and to civilize the husband and family
Where did the women’s rights convention take place in 1848
Seneca Falls
Who wrote the Seneca Falls declaration?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
What is the declaration modeled after?
The deceleration of independence
What is meant by “industrial revolution”?
A shift from goods made by hand to factory and mass production
Why is America slow to embrace the factory system?
A. Scarce labor
B. Little capital
C. Superiority of British factories
Who is considered to be the “Father of the American Factory System”?
Samuel Slater
Where did he build his mill? What did it produce?
Pawtucket, Rhode Island
Textile factory
Who made the American mills superior to the British?
Francis C Lowell, builds a much improved power mill with the help of Paul Moody
What invention helped him do this?
Power Loom
Who were “factory girls”?
Young New England farm girls
How many hours per week did they work?
13 hours a day
Why were they supervised so closely outside the mill?
Because they don’t want them running off and getting married
By 1850, what percentage of women were working outside the home?
10% of white women
What concept were women slowly breaking away from?
A large family size and early marriage
Why did the average family size decline at this time?
Don’t need as many kids on the farm
What are “wage slaves”?
What factory workers in the North were known as
White north people who worked little pay and long hours in unsanitary conditions
What are some of the conditions that existed in the factories?
Low wages, long hours, lack of heat, unsanitary
What role did children have in the factories
1/2 of industrial workers were children under 10
Which political party tended to support workers’ rights?
Democratic Party
What were some of the rights the workers sought?
10 hour work day, better pay
How did the Commonwealth v. Hunt decision help workers?
Creation of labor unions were now legal
