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Biology > Unit 5 Test > Flashcards

Unit 5 Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

heredity

A

The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.

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2
Q

variation

A

Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences.

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3
Q

meiosis

A

A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell.

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4
Q

genes

A

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).

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5
Q

gametes

A

A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm, that is formed by meiosis or is the descendant of cells formed by meiosis. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.

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6
Q

karyotype

A

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

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7
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism’s father, the other from the mother. Also called a homologous pair.

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8
Q

sex chromosome

A

A chromosome responsible for determining the sex of an individual.

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9
Q

autosomes

A

A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome.

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10
Q

diploid cell

A

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.

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11
Q

haploid cell

A

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).

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12
Q

fertilization

A

The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.

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13
Q

zygote

A

The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg.

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14
Q

synapsis

A

The pairing and physical connection of one duplicated chromosome to its homolog during prophase I of meiosis.

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15
Q

crossing over

A

The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.

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16
Q

chiasma

A

The X-shaped, microscopically visible region where crossing over has occurred earlier in prophase I between homologous nonsister chromatids. Chiasmata become visible after synapsis ends, with the two homologs remaining associated due to sister chromatid cohesion.

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17
Q

recombinant chromosomes

A

A chromosome created when crossing over combines DNA from two parents into a single chromosome.

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18
Q

random fertilization

A

during sexual reproduction, the male gamete and female gamete that fuse to produce an offspring are selected randomly from the pool of male and female gametes

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19
Q

trait

A

One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character.

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20
Q

true-breeding

A

Referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination.

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21
Q

hybridization (hybrid)

A

In genetics, the mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties.

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22
Q

P generation

A

The true-breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance. (P stands for parental.)

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23
Q

F1 generation

A

The first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P generation) cross.

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24
Q

F2 generation

A

The offspring resulting from interbreeding (or self-pollination) of the hybrid F1 generation.

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25
Q

pedigree

A

A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations.

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26
Q

carriers

A

In genetics, an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder. The heterozygote is generally phenotypically normal for the disorder but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring.

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27
Q

tay-sachs disease

A

A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years.

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28
Q

albinism

A

an inherited condition that leads to someone having very light skin, hair, and eyes

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29
Q

alleles

A

Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.

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30
Q

dominant allele

A

An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote.

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31
Q

recessive allele

A

An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote.

32
Q

homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a given gene.

33
Q

heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a given gene.

34
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

A human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated.

35
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

rare inherited disorder that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body

36
Q

sickle-cell disease

A

A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the a-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals.

37
Q

achondroplasia

A

a genetic condition affecting a protein in the body called the fibroblast growth factor receptor. In achondroplasia, this protein begins to function abnormally, slowing down the growth of bone in the cartilage of the growth plate.

38
Q

genotype

A

The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.

39
Q

phenotype

A

The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.

40
Q

punnett square

A

A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype.

41
Q

law of segregation

A

Mendel’s first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation.

42
Q

law of independent assortment

A

Mendel’s second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes.

43
Q

huntington’s disease

A

A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.

44
Q

multifactorial disorders

A

Referring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.

45
Q

genetic counseling

A

the process of investigating individuals and families affected by or at risk of genetic disorders to help them understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease; this field is considered necessary for the implementation of genomic medicine.

46
Q

amniocentesis

A

A technique associated with prenatal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid is obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus. The fluid and the fetal cells it contains are analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.

47
Q

test cross

A

Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals the unknown genotype.

48
Q

monohybrid

A

An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a monohybrid of genotype Aa.

49
Q

dihybrid

A

An organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AABB and aabb produce a dihybrid of genotype AaBb.

50
Q

probability

A

how likely something is to happen

51
Q

multiplication rule

A

A rule of probability stating that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities.

52
Q

addition rule

A

A rule of probability stating that the probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities.

53
Q

chorionic villus sampling

A

a form of prenatal diagnosis done to determine chromosomal or genetic disorders in the fetus

54
Q

color-blindness

A

red-green color blindness are passed down on the X chromosome. Since it’s passed down on the X chromosome, red-green color blindness is more common in men

55
Q

hemophilia

A

A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele resulting in the absence of one or more blood-clotting proteins; characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.

56
Q

duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.

57
Q

complete dominance

A

The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.

58
Q

incomplete dominance

A

The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele.

59
Q

codominance

A

The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.

60
Q

multiple alleles

A

the alternative forms of the same gene so they influence the same trait

61
Q

pleiotropy

A

The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.

62
Q

epistasis

A

A type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene.

63
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character.

64
Q

multifactorial

A

Referring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.

65
Q

chromosome theory of inheritance

A

A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located at specific positions (loci) on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.

66
Q

sex-linked gene

A

A gene located on either sex chromosome. Most sex-linked genes are on the X chromosome and show distinctive patterns of inheritance; there are very few genes on the Y chromosome.

67
Q

X inactivation

A

a process by which one of the copies of the X chromosome is inactivated in therian female mammals

68
Q

barr body

A

A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in cells of female mammals, representing a highly condensed, inactivated X chromosome.

69
Q

linked genes

A

Genes located close enough together on a chromosome that they tend to be inherited together.

70
Q

genetic recombination

A

the rearrangement of DNA sequences by the breakage and rejoining of chromosomes or chromosome segments

71
Q

parental types

A

An offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the true-breeding parental (P generation) phenotypes; also refers to the phenotype itself.

72
Q

recombinant types

A

An offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the true-breeding P generation parents; also refers to the phenotype itself.

73
Q

genetic map

A

An ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome.

74
Q

linkage map

A

A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.

75
Q

map units

A

A unit of measurement of the distance between genes. One map unit is equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.

76
Q

genomic imprinting

A

A phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent.

77
Q

mitochondrial DNA

A

the circular chromosome found inside the cellular organelles called mitochondria, passed on from mother

Biology (6 decks)

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