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biology > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

How many naturally occurring elements?

A

92

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2
Q

What are the main elements that make up life?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur. (CHNOPS)

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3
Q

Why is Carbon perfect for building life?

A

It has 4 valence electrons in its outer shell, so it can bond with 4 other elements.

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4
Q

What elements make up carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

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5
Q

What is the ratio between elements in carbohydrates?

A

1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen

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6
Q

Building block of carbohydrates/simple sugars

A

Monosaccharides

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7
Q

What is a complex carbohydrate called?

A

Polysaccharide

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8
Q

What is the shape of carbohydrates?

A

Rings, also can be straight chain in solution, every carbon has an oxygen

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9
Q

What is an isomer?

A

compound that has same chemical formula but a different structure

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10
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

Energy, glucose gives immediate source of energy to cells

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11
Q

What are carbohydrates role in living systems?

A

Gives structure to plants (cellulose), energy to plants (starch), and energy to humans and animals (glycogen)

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12
Q

What elements make up lipids?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

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13
Q

What is the ratio of elements in lipids?

A

a lot carbon : a lot hydrogen : very few oxygen

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14
Q

What is true about all lipids?

A

Hydrophobic, insoluble in water

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15
Q

What are triglyceride fats made of?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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16
Q

What makes up a fatty acid?

A

A carboxyl group followed by a hydrocarbon chain

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17
Q

What is glycerol?

A

A small 3 carbon molecule

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18
Q

What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Unsaturated has a double bond in the carbon chain

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19
Q

What is the structure of steroids?

A

4 carbon rings fused together (cholesterol)

20
Q

What are the functions of cholesterol?

A

Major component of cell membranes and serves as building block for hormones like testosterone, cortisol, and estrogen.

21
Q

What is the purpose of lipids?

A

Energy storage

22
Q

What makes up cell membranes?

A

Phospholipids

23
Q

What elements make up proteins?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur

24
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

Amino acids

25
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

Central carbon, to the left is amine group, to the right is carboxyl group, above is R group, below is hydrogen.

26
Q

What gives an amino acid its function?

A

The R group, whether it be charged, hydrophobic, or hydrophilic

27
Q

How many types of R groups?

A

20

28
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Structure, defense (antibodies), transport of molecules, hormones, enzymes, receptor proteins, contractile proteins, and storage of amino acids.

29
Q

What is it called when two monomers come together and a water molecule is removed?

A

Dehydration Synthesis

30
Q

What bond forms as a result of dehydration synthesis? (proteins)

A

Peptide bond, creates a polypeptide

31
Q

What is backbone of protein molecules?

A

N-C-C

32
Q

What is it called when polymer is broken apart into two monomers using water?

A

Hydrolysis

33
Q

What elements make up nucleic acids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

34
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

35
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

36
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

A pentose sugar (5 carbon, one oxygen at top, monosaccharide, ring), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

37
Q

What is function of DNA?

A

Contains genetic blueprint for organism

38
Q

What is function of RNA?

A

Helps to translate information in DNA into different proteins

39
Q

What nitrogenous bases are in DNA?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine

40
Q

What nitrogenous bases are in RNA?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil

41
Q

How many nitrogens are in each ring of a nitrogenous base?

A

2

42
Q

What nitrogenous bases are purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

43
Q

What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

A

Uracil, Thymine, and Cytosine

44
Q

Are purines or pyrimidines double ringed?

A

Purines

45
Q

What is it called when a nitrogenous base is connected to a pentose sugar?

A

Nucleoside

46
Q

Nucleosides combine with 1, 2, or 3 phosphates to form a what?

A

Nucleotide

47
Q

The greater the number of phosphates = what kind of energy

A

Greater amount of energy

biology (6 decks)

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