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biology > Unit 1 Test > Flashcards

Unit 1 Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

polar molecule

A

molecule in which one end of the molecule is slightly positive, while the other end is slightly negative

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2
Q

cohesion

A

sticking together of particles of the same substance

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3
Q

adhesion

A

sticking together of particles of different substances

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4
Q

surface tension

A

property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules

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5
Q

hydrogen ion

A

created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron

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6
Q

specific heat

A

the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount

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7
Q

heat of vaporization

A

amount of enthalpy (heat energy) that is required to transform a liquid substance into a gas or vapor

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8
Q

evaporative cooling

A

molecules with the most heat energy evaporate more readily

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9
Q

hydration shell

A

shell of any chemical species that acts as a solvent and surrounds a solute species

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10
Q

hydronium ion

A

hydrogen ion bonded to a molecule of water, found in aqueous solutions

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11
Q

solution

A

solute dissolved in a sovent

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12
Q

solvent

A

liquid or gas that does the dissolving

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13
Q

solute

A

what is being dissolved

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14
Q

hydrophilic

A

water-loving

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15
Q

pH

A

quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions

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16
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing

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17
Q

acid

A

pH < 7

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18
Q

base

A

pH > 7

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19
Q

neutral

A

pH = 7

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20
Q

buffer

A

a solution that resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it, typically involve a weak acid or alkali together with one of its salts

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21
Q

organic

A

any substance containing carbon-based compounds, especially produced by or derived from living organisms

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22
Q

hydrocarbon

A

carbon surrounded by hydrogens

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23
Q

isomers

A

same chemical formula, but has different shape/structure and therefore a different function

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24
Q

enantiomers

A

pair of molecules that are mirror images of one another

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25
Q

functional groups

A

a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound

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26
Q

hydroxyl group

A

-OH

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27
Q

carboxyl group

A

C - OH and – O, C single bond to -OH group and double bonded to O

28
Q

amino group

A

N -H and -H, N single bonded to 2 H

29
Q

phosphate group

A

P single bonded to 3 O and double bonded to O

30
Q

methyl group

A

C single bonded to 3 H

31
Q

macromolecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

32
Q

condensation (dehydration) reaction

A

formation of larger molecules from smaller reactants, accompanied by the loss of a water molecule

33
Q

hydrolysis

A

breakdown of a polymer using water

34
Q

monomer

A

part that makes up a polymer, amino acid, nucleotide, fatty acid?, monosaccharide

35
Q

polymer

A

monomers put together, polysaccharide, triglyceride, proteins, DNA or RNA

36
Q

monosaccharide

A

3-7 carbons long, carbonyl group and multiple -OH groups. Glucose, fructose and galactose

37
Q

di or polysaccharide

A

two or more monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages (covalent bonds) which are formed during dehydration synthesis

38
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group

39
Q

lipids

A

hydrophobic, mostly hydrocarbon chains, used for storing energy

40
Q

fatty acids

A

a long carbon skeleton, usually 16-18 carbon atoms in length, carbon at
one end of skeleton is part of a carboxyl group

41
Q

glycerol

A

an alcohol, each of its three carbons
bears a hydroxyl group

42
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

fatty acid chain has as many hydrogens as possible, no double bonds in carbons, solid at room temp

43
Q

CHNOPS

A

building blocks of life, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur

44
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

fatty acid chain that has a double bond in the carbon skeleton that results in a kink/bend, liquid at room temp

45
Q

phospholipid

A

makes up cell membrane, lipid containing a phosphate group

46
Q

steroids

A

four carbon rings fused together

47
Q

cholesterol

A

waxy substance found in blood, most common steroid in the body

48
Q

protein

A

made up of amino acids, fuel and repairs body

49
Q

polypeptide

A

chain of amino acids linked together

50
Q

amino acid

A

made up of central carbon with hydrogen attached, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group

51
Q

peptide bonds

A

formed between two amino acids, attached at carboxyl group and amino group, made using dehydration synthesis

52
Q

protein folding

A

process when amino acid chain turns into a functioning protein

53
Q

conformation

A

the 3D shape of a protein, alternative shapes

54
Q

primary structure

A

linear chain of amino acids

55
Q

secondary structure

A

regions of amino acid chains that are stabilized by hydrogen bonds, alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

56
Q

tertiary structure

A

3D structure, turns into a functional protein

57
Q

quaternary structure

A

multiple tertiary structures coming together to form a more complex protein

58
Q

denaturation

A

process of breaking hydrogen bonds, proteins lose quaternary, tertiary, and secondary strucures

59
Q

chaperonin

A

double ringed protein, helps proteins fold

60
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

where genetic material is stored, double stranded

61
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

helps with coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes, single stranded

62
Q

nucleotide

A

pentose sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

63
Q

purines

A

adenine and guanine, double ringed

64
Q

pyrimidines

A

cytosine, uracil, and thymine, single ring

65
Q

double helix

A

structure of DNA

66
Q

antiparallel

A

how DNA strands run, 3’ to 5’ and 5’ to 3’

67
Q

nitrogenous bases (ACGTU)

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine (DNA), and uracil (RNA)

biology (6 decks)

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