Unit 5 (States of Consciousness) Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

State of awareness of the ourselves and the world around us

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2
Q

The two components of consciousness

A

Perceptual and introspective

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3
Q

Perceptual

A

The awareness of the world around us

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4
Q

Introspective

A

Awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and perceptions

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5
Q

William James

A

Consciousness is always changing, a very personal experience, continuous, and selective

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6
Q

Freud

A

Consciousness has three different levels
1) Conscious - part of the mind corresponding to state of present awareness
2)Preconscious - part of the mind whose contents can be brought into awareness through focused attention
3) Unconscious - part of the mind that lies outside the range of ordinary awareness and that holds troubling or unacceptable urges, impulses, memories, and ideas (subconscious is NOT a term Freud uses)

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7
Q

Altered States of Consciousness

A

Sleep, Drug induced changes, Hypnosis, Subliminal perception, Blindsight, Mediation

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8
Q

Sleep

A

reduces alertness, awareness, and perception of events occurring around us

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9
Q

Devices to measure sleep

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electrooculogram (EOG), Electromyogram (EMG)

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10
Q

Delta waves

A

Deepest sleep stage (low frequency + high amplitude)

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11
Q

Stage 1

A

(4 - 5%) Light sleep, muscle activity slows down, occasional muscle twitching

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12
Q

Stage 2

A

(44 - 55%) Slightly deeper sleep, breathing pattern and heart rate slows down, EEG shows sleep spindles and k-complexes

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13
Q

Stage 3

A

(16 - 21%) Very deep sleep, rhythmic breathing, limited muscle activity, EEG shows mostly delta waves

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14
Q

REM

A

(20 - 25%) Dreaming occurs, muscles are inhibited, heart rate increases and breathing is rapid and shallow, EEG shows fast waves

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15
Q

Dreaming

A

Every person dreams every night

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16
Q

Manifest content

A

Events that occur in dream

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17
Q

Latent content

A

Underlying meaning of the dream

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18
Q

Activation synthesis theory

A

Dreams are activated via physiological mechanisms in the brainstem, probably in the pons.
Dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of random patterns of neural activity

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19
Q

Arousal Neurons

A

Areas in the brainstem keep us awake

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20
Q

VLPO (Ventrolateral preoptic area)

A

Areas in the hypothalamus put us to sleep

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21
Q

Orexin neurons

A

In our hypothalamus are activated by signals that keep us awake. They can activate the arousal neurons.

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22
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Disorder involving going to sleep without any intention to do so. Symptoms include a sudden decrease in muscle tone, paralysis upon falling asleep, and dream like images that occur as soon as one goes to sleep or awakens

23
Q

Adenosine

A

Builds up in the brain during wakefulness (high levels make us feel tired and we have low levels after just sleeping)

24
Q

Caffeine

A

Inhibits adenosine receptors. When it is bound, adenosine can’t bind

25
Q

Superchiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

Cells in the retina signals to SCN located in the hypothalamus. SCN then signals to the pineal gland which releases melatonin

26
Q

Sleep Deprivation

A

Chronic sleep deprivation is a contributing factor to obesity, hypertension, irritability, poor decision making, cognitive impairment, and loss of concentration

27
Q

Causes of sleep deprivation

A

Stress, Caffeine and alcohol, Undiagnosed medical conditions, Medicines, Vitamins, Supplements, Pain, Being exhausted (but not sleep), Irregular sleep schedule

28
Q

Insomnia

A

Inability to fall asleep or stay asleep, Affects 25% of the population occasionally, and 9% regularly. Affects women more commonly then young adults. Medications seldom work for long term treatment, although behavioral treatments sometimes work

29
Q

REM Sleep Disorder

A

Disorder where paralysis does not occur during REM sleep, allowing the person to “act out” dreams. Occurs during REM sleep, so tends to happen near morning. Exact cause is unknown, but may occur in association with various neurodegenerative diseases

30
Q

Sleepwalking

A

Disorder that occurs when people walk or do other activities while they are asleep. Occurs during slow-wave sleep (stage 3 or 4), so it tends to occur early in the night. Can occur at any age, but most common in children ages 5-12. Causes are usually unknown, but fatigue, lack of sleep and anxiety are all associated, and it appears to run in families.

31
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Disorder involving patterns of sleep, usually short, during which breathing stopes entirely. Affects 12 million Americans, occurring most among men over the age of 40 who are overweight. Suspected as a cause of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Many cases can be treated by clearing airway

32
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Chemical substances that can alter consciousness by inducing changes in perception, mood or behavior

33
Q

Tolerance

A

Needing more of a drug to have the same biological effect. Decreased response to a drug with repeated exposute

34
Q

Dependence

A

A state in which if drug use is stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur, can be physical or psychological

35
Q

Withdrawal

A

Wide range of symptoms that occur after stopping or reducing the amount of drug consumed after heavy or prolonged use

36
Q

Addiction

A

The continued compulsive use of drugs in spite of adverse health or social consequences

37
Q

Stimulants

A

Increase CNS activity, producing a heightened sense of arousal and elevation in mood (Caffeine, Nicotine, Cocaine, Amphetamines, MDMA)

38
Q

Depressants

A

Reduce CNS activity, which in turn slows down bodily processes like heart and respiration rate (Alcohol, Opiates, Barbiturates)

39
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Alter sensory perceptions, producing distortions or hallucinations (Marijuana, LSD)

40
Q

Caffeine

A

Increases mental alertness and wakefulness. But in high doses can cause jitteriness and sleeplessness and may increase risk of miscarriage. There is a potential for physical and psychological dependence.

41
Q

Nicotine

A

Increases mental alertness and produces mild rush but may have relaxing effect. But has a strong addictive potential and is implicated in various cancers, cardiovascular disease, and other physical disorders. There is a potential for physical and psychological dependence.

42
Q

Reward Pathway

A

VTA releases dopamine in the NAc and the PFC

43
Q

Cocaine

A

Boosts mental alertness, reduces need for sleep, induces pleasurable rush, causes loss of appetite. But it has high addictive potential, in high doses can have psychotic effects, and can cause death from overdose. Potential for physical and psychological dependence. (Blocks reuptake of dopamine)

44
Q

Amphetamines

A

Boosts mental alertness, reduces need for sleep, induces pleasurable rush, and causes loss of appetite. But has high addictive potential, in high doses can have psychotic effects, and cases cardiac irregularities, and can cause death from overdose. Potential for both physical and psychological dependence. (Blocks reuptake of dopamine and stimulates additional release of dopamine and norepinephrine)

45
Q

MDMA (Ecstasy)

A

Euphoria and hallucinogenic effects. But high doses can be lethal, it may lead to depression or other psychological effects, may impair learning, attention, and memory. Potential for both physical and psychological dependence.

46
Q

Alchohol

A

Introduces relaxation and mild euphoria, relieves anxiety, reduces mental alertness and inhibitions, and impairs concentration, judgement, coordination, and balance. But high doses can be lethal, and heavy use can cause liver disorders and other physical problems. Increases activity of GABA receptor, our main inhibitory neurotransmitter. Blood alcohol content (BAC) is affected by the amount you drink, and how fast it is absorbed into blood stream.

47
Q

Opiates

A

Induces relaxation and a euphoric rush, reduces sensation of pain, and many temporarily blot out awareness of personal problems. But has high addictive potential, and high doses can be lethal. Potential for both physical and psychological dependence.

48
Q

Barbiturates and Tranquilizers

A

Reduces mental alertness and induces relaxation and calm. But has high addictive potential and high doses can be lethal. Potential for physical and psychological dependence.

49
Q

LSD

A

Produces hallucinations and other sensory distortions. But causes intense anxiety, panic, or psychotic reactions associated with “bad trips” and flashbacks. Potential for psychological but not physical dependence.

50
Q

Marijuana

A

Induces relaxation and mild euphoria and can produce hallucinations. But in high doses can cause nausea, vomiting, disorientation, panic, and paranoia, and has possible health risks with regular use. Potential for psychological dependence.

51
Q

Addiction is a chronic disease

A

Drug addiction results in chronic effects on brain activity, just as heart disease results in chronic effects on heart activity

52
Q

Addiction Treatment

A

Treatment needs to take into account multidimensional nature of addiction, such as the psychological effects of drugs on the body, psychological status of the addict, and environmental factors

53
Q

Addiction Treatment Options

A

Detoxification, Therapeutic drugs, Counseling, Self-help programs