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Psych > Unit 4 (Sensation and Perception) > Flashcards

Unit 4 (Sensation and Perception) Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The action of detecting external stimuli and converting those stimuli into neural responses

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2
Q

Perception

A

Cognitive process that involves the selection, organization, and interpretation of stimuli

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3
Q

Our five senses

A

Vision, Hearing (audition), Taste (gustation), Smell (olfaction), Skin senses (position senses)

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4
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Convert sources of sensory stimuli, such as light and sound, into neural impulses

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5
Q

Sensory transduction

A

Conversion of environmental energy into a neural response

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6
Q

Absolute sensory threshold

A

Smallest amount of a stimulus that can be reliably detected (is something there)

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7
Q

Difference sensory threshold

A

Smallest difference between the stimulus that can be reliably detected (is something else there)

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8
Q

Selective attention (change blindness)

A

Only seeing certain things and not noticing when something else changes

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9
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The amount you must change a stimulus to detect a difference is given by a constant fraction of the original stimulus

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10
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Predicts when we will detect weak signals

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11
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Process by which sensory receptors adapt to constant stimuli by becoming less sensitive to them

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12
Q

Habituation

A

Adapt over time to a stimulus. This is something which the body learns to ignore

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13
Q

Vision stimuli

A

Light (wave of electromagnetic energy)

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14
Q

Pupil

A

Hole in iris

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15
Q

Cornea

A

Outer layer at front of eye

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16
Q

Iris

A

Pigmented muscles

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17
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Change shape of the lens

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18
Q

Lens

A

Bends light to focus it on the retina

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19
Q

Retina

A

Neural tissue that transduces light energy into neutral impulse

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20
Q

Optic nerve

A

Collection of neurons that transmit signals from retina to the brain

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21
Q

Fovea

A

Region of retina with highest acuity

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22
Q

Optic Disk (blind spot)

A

Point where optic nerve leaves eye

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23
Q

Photoreceptor cells

A

Sensory receptor cells for light

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24
Q

Rods

A

For dim light vision

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25
Q

Cones

A

For bright light and color vision (high acuity)

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26
Q

Trichromatic Theory (colorblindness)

A

The eye contains 3 distinct receptors for color: Red, Blue, and Green. By the combination of all three, all colors can be produced

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27
Q

Dichromatism

A

Patients lack one type of cone

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28
Q

Opponent Process theory (afterimages)

A

The eye contains 3 pairs of visual mechanisms that respond to different wavelengths of light. Each is capable of responding to either of the two hues, but not both at the same time

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29
Q

Hearing stimuli

A

Wave of changes in air pressure

30
Q

Wavelength

A

Pitch

31
Q

Amplitude

A

Loudness

32
Q

Wave purity

A

Timbre

33
Q

Cochlea

A

Structure of inner ear that contains hair cells, the sensory receptor sells for sound

34
Q

Outer Ear

A

Pinna, Auditor canal, Eardrum

35
Q

Middle Ear

A

Ossicles (small bones)

36
Q

Ossicles

A

Hammer (malleus), Anvil (incus), Stirrup (stapes)

37
Q

Inner Ear

A

Cochlea, Semicircular canals, Vestibular sacs

38
Q

Chemical Senses

A

Monitor the chemical environment (taste and smell)

39
Q

Qualities of taste

A

Sweetness, Saltiness, Sourness, Bitterness, Umami (meat)

40
Q

Taste buds

A

Sensory receptor cells for taste that are located on the tounge

41
Q

Smell stimuli

A

Chemicals in the air

42
Q

Hair Stimuli

A

Sensory receptor cells for smell that are located high in the nasal cavity (can regenerate, making them unique natural cells)

43
Q

Skin Senses

A

Touch, Pressure, Warmth, Cold, Pain

44
Q

Skin

A

Contains sensory receptor cells that code for touch, pressure, warmth, cold, and pain (somatosensory cortex)

45
Q

Kinesthetic Sense

A

Tells us about movement of body parts and their position in relation to each other. Receptors in joints, ligaments, and muscles.

46
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

Tells us about balance and the position of the body in space. Receptors in semicircular canals and vestibular sacs of the inner ear.

47
Q

Paying Attention

A

What determines which stimuli attract your attention and what gets ignored?

48
Q

Salient detail

A

A detail that captures attention

49
Q

Peripheral detail

A

A detail that does not draw our attention, makes up the perceptual background

50
Q

Stimulus Factors

A

Those that make some stimuli more compelling than others (Contrast, Intensity, Size, Motion, Repetition)

51
Q

Personal Factors

A

Characteristics of a perceiver that influence which stimuli get attached to (What we perceive is influenced by out past experience, expectations, and motivation)

52
Q

Mental set

A

When we are predisposed to perceive something

53
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

When what we perceive is determined by the pieces of information we recieve

54
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

When what we perceive is determined by what the perceiver already knows

55
Q

Law of Proximity

A

Group of stimuli based on proximity

56
Q

Law of Similarity

A

Grouping

57
Q

Ocular Cues

A

Built into visual system

58
Q

Binocular Cues

A

Two eyes (retinal disparity, convergence)

59
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

Each eye has a different picture and the brain is able to put those two images together to make one

60
Q

Convergence

A

When something gets closer, the eyes point inward to focus on that thing

61
Q

Monocular Cues

A

Only one eye (accommodation, physical cues)

62
Q

Accommodation

A

Muscles in the eyes send signals about shape of the lens to the brain

63
Q

Physical Cues

A

Linear perspective, Interposition, Relative size, Texture gradient, Patterns of shading, Motion parallax

64
Q

Linear Perspective

A

Parallel lines seem to converge in the distance

65
Q

Interposition

A

Things blocking something have to be closer than what it is blocking

66
Q

Relative Size

A

Things closer to us seem bigger than things farther away

67
Q

Texture gradient

A

You can see the texture of things that are closer, better

68
Q

Patterns of Shading

A

Help with introposition

69
Q

Motion Parallax

A

When you are moving, things closer to you get blurred, while things farther away stay somewhat stationary

70
Q

Perceptual Constancies

A

Allows you to perceive aspects of your world as constant, despite the fact that the image displayed on the retina may change (Size constancy, Shape constancy, Brightness constancy, Color constancy)

Psych (6 decks)

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