Unit 5: Revolutions

Question 1

What did Enlightenment philosophers do?

Answer 1

They promoted new ways of understanding the natural world, analyzed religion role in public life, and developed new political ideas about individuals, natural rights, and the social contract

Question 2

Who were some of the Enlightenment philosophers?

Answer 2

Some examples were Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Voltaire.

Question 3

How were Enlightenment philosophers’ ideas used?

Answer 3

Their ideas preceded revolutions/rebellions against governments.

Question 4

Which documents were Enlightenment philosopher ideas present?

Answer 4

The American Declaration of Independence
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter

Question 5

What became a major force shaping historical development of states/empires?

Answer 5

Nationalism grew and people defined themselves through language, religion, art, social customs, and territory.

Question 6

What was another effect Enlightenment philosopher/religious ideas had?

Answer 6

They contributed to reform movements and the expansion of rights (like the Abolition of slavery/end of serfdom).

Question 7

How did some governments use Nationalism to their advantage?

Answer 7

They used Nationalism to unite diverse populations like
German/Italian Unification
Maori Nationalism/the New Zealand Wars
Propagandist Movement in the Philippines
Puerto Rico - writings of Lola Rodriguez de Tio
Balkan Nationalism
Ottomanism

Question 8

What did the American Revolution inspire?

Answer 8

The American Revolution/establishment of the United States of America was a model for other revolutions.
French Revolution
Like the Haitian Revolution that the first successful slave rebellion in the Americas
And the Latin American Independence movements that emerged independent states in the Americas

Question 9

What happened with monarchist/imperial rule during this time?

Answer 9

People felt discontent with them and developed governments like
Democracy
Liberalism
Socialism
Communism

Question 10

Why did the Industrial Revolution happen?

Answer 10

The main one’s were urbanization, Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean, and access to foreign resources.

Question 11

What did Urbanization led to?

Answer 11

It led to a change in industrial nation’s demographics, and environmental challenges like pollution and overcrowding.

Question 12

Where did industrialization spread?

Answer 12

It spread from England to other parts of Europe, the U.S., Russia, and Japan.

Question 13

What happened to some Industrialized states?

Answer 13

The Middle East and Asian countries started to decline because shipbuilding in India/Southeast Asia, Iron works in India, and Textile production in India/Egypt weren’t in high demand no more.

Question 14

What advantages did newly-presented machines have?

Answer 14

Machines like the steam/internal combustion engine increased energy in human societies since these machines ran off fossil fuels.

Question 15

What happened in the “second industrial revolution”?

Answer 15

During the second half of the 19th century, new methods in steel, chemical, and electricity production would rise.

Question 16

With technology on the rise, what were new transportation/communication systems?

Answer 16

Railroads
Steamships
Telegraphs
Canals

Question 17

What did some industrialized states promote?

Answer 17

Tsarist Russia promoted factory/railroad development

Egypt promoted Muhammad Ali’s cotton textile development

Question 18

How did Japan respond to the U.S.’s/ European expansion in Asia?

Answer 18

Japan started to support industrialization (in fear of being conquered) by economically, politically, and socially reforming Meiji Japan. And expanding into Korea/Russia.

Question 19

What did some Western European countries start doing?

Answer 19

They started abandoning mercantilism and adopting free trade policies from Adam Smith’s new economic philosophy during the Industrial Revolution.

Question 20

What did some Trans-national businesses start to rely on?

Answer 20

Hong Kong/Shanghai Banking Corp founded by British Bankers.
Unilever based in England and the Netherlands and operating in British West Africa and the Belgian Congo.
The United Fruit Company based the U.S. and operating in Central America.

Question 21

What were some financial instruments that contributed to the large-scale transnational business development?

Answer 21

Stock markets.

Limited-liability Corporations.

Question 22

How did the development of industrial capitalism affect the standard of living and manufacturing methods?

Answer 22

Rise of the middle class.

Textiles and manufactured goods became affordable to both the middle and working classes in industrialized society.

Question 23

What did industrial workers often do to improve working conditions?

Answer 23

Many workers organized themselves into labor unions.
Improve working conditions, limit hours, gain higher wages.
Organizing, collective bargaining, strikes all used by labor unions.

Question 24

What contributed to the proliferation of large-scale, transnational businesses?

Answer 24

The global nature of trade and production

Question 25

What happened in response to social and economic changes brought by industrial capitalism?

Answer 25

Government, organizations, and individuals promoted various types of political, social, educations and urban reforms.

Question 26

What are different examples of social reforms?

Answer 26

Abolition of slavery
prison reform
Women’s rights

Question 27

What are some examples of government reforms

Answer 27

Minimum wage
Limited hours
Child labor laws
Pensions and public health in Germany

Question 28

What are some examples of Urban reforms?

Answer 28

Poor laws

Public sanitation

Question 29

Why did workers organize themselves into labor unions?

Answer 29

In order to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages.

Question 30

What happened in response to the expansion of industrializing states?

Answer 30

Governments like Asia and Africa sought to reform and modernize their economic and militaries.
The Tanzimat movement in the Ottoman Empire
The Self-Strengthening Movement in the Qing Empire

Question 31

How did the new middle class and industrial working class develop?

Answer 31

Women and children held wage-earning jobs to supplement their families' income
Middle-class women had roles in the household primarily with children.

Question 32

What challenges accompanied the rapid globalization and development of industrial capitalism?

Answer 32

Pollution
Poverty, Increased crime, housing shortages
Public health crises
Insufficient Infrastructure to accommodate Urban growth

Question 33

What did the development of Capitalism lead to?

Answer 33

Led to increased standards of living for some and continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods.

Question 34

What led to increased trade and migration?

Answer 34

Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication.

Question 35

What did the 18th century mark the beginning of?

Answer 35

An intense period of revolution, rebellion, against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world.

Question 36

What did the Enlightenment precede?

Answer 36

revolutions and rebellions.

Question 37

What became a major force in shaping the historical development of states and empires?

Answer 37

Nationalism.