Unit 3: Land-Based Empires Flashcards
What were the main events that happened during this period?
This era witnessed a deepening/widening of networks of human interactions within/across different regions. The result of this brought changes to wealth and cross-culture intensification.
Transportation, polices, and mercantile (trade) had innovations which expanded/developed commercial networks; this resulted in cultural, technological, and biological diffusion within/across various societies.
Pastoral and nomadic groups played a great role role in sustaining these networks.
Islam also developed during this time.
What were some trade cities that grew due to innovation?
Silks roads, Mediterranean Sea, Trans-Saharan, and Indian Ocean Also Timbuktu (Sub-Saharan Africa), Swahili City-States (East African Coast), Baghdad (Middle East), Venice (Europe), Tenochtitlan (Mesoamerica)
Where did exchange networks develop in the Americas?
The Mississippi River Valley, Mesoamerica, and Andes
What luxury goods did these networks exchange?
Silk and cotton textiles Porcelain Spices Precious metals/gems Slaves Exotic animals
What were some innovations that increased trade?
Caravanserai, compass, astrolabe, and larger ship designs
What were new forms of credit/monetization?
Bills of exchange Credit Checks Banking houses Use of paper money
What facilitated commercial growth?
The Inca Road System, Hanseatic League, and Grand Canal.
What empires facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade/communication?
These empires included China, The Byzantine Empire, The Muslim Caliphates, and The Mongols.
What did different people use when traveling across new lands for trade?
The Scandinavian Vikings used their longships to travel in coastal/open waters.
And the Arabs/Berbers adapted to camels to travel across and around the Sahara.
Central Asia pastoral groups used horses to travel in the steppes (hills).
What happened after some migrations?
The Bantu speaking people spread iron technology/agricultural techniques to Sub-Saharan Africa.
The Polynesians transplanted foods/domesticated animals as they moved to new islands.
What languages were spread during some migrations?
The spread of the Bantu language
Also the spread of the Turkic/Arabic languages.
What was the religion Islam based on and where did it develop?
The revelations of the prophet Muhammad and developed in the Arabian peninsula.
Who did the beliefs and practices of Islam reflect among?
Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians with the local Arabic people
How did Muslim rule expand into many parts of Afro-Eurasia?
Through military expansion, missionaries, merchants, and Sufis
What are some examples of diasporic communities that were used to introduce cultural traditions into indigenous culture?
Muslim Merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region
Chinese Merchant communities in Southeast Asia
Sogdian Merchant communities in Central Asia
Jewish communities in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean basin, and along the Silk Roads
Who were the travelers who wrote about their intercultural knowledge within Afro-Eurasia
Ibn Battuta
Marco Polo
Xuanzang
What are some examples of cross-cultural interactions that led to the diffusion of literacy, artisitc, and cultural traditions as well as scientific and technological innovations
Christianity’s spread through Europe
The influence of Neoconfucianism and Buddhism in East Asia
Hinduism and Buddhism spread into Southeast Asia
Islam spreading to Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia
Influence of Toltec/Mexica and Inca traditions in Mesoamerica and Andean America
Muslim scholars influenced by Greek and Indian mathematics
Greek science and philosophy returns to Western Europe through Muslim al-Andalus in Iberia
The spread of gunpowder and printing technologies from East Asia into the Islamic empires and Western Europe.
What was spread among the Eastern Hemisphere through the trade routes?
the diffusion of crops and epidemic diseases.
What were some crops spread along the Eastern Hemisphere trade routes
Bananas from Indonesia/Malaysia/Australia to Africa
Champa Rice from Vietnam to East Asia
Sugar from South Asia/Southeast Asia/South Asia to Middle East and Africa.
Cotton from South Asia,(Africa, and the Americas) to Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean basin
Citrus from Australia and Southeast Asia throughout Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean basin.
What imperial states were reconstituted after the collapse of empires?
The Byzantine Empire in Eastern Europe.
The Sui, Tang, and Song Empires in East Asia.
What were some traditional sources of legitimacy in empires?
Patriarchy (social system in which men hold primary power over citizens)
Religion (system of faith or worship used to maintain control over citizens)
Land-Owning Elites
What were some examples of innovations?
New methods of taxation
Tributary System (payment to another state or ruler)
Adaptation of Religious Institutions
What new Islamic states formed during this time?
Abbasids (present-day Iraq) Muslim Iberia (Iberian Peninsula) Delhi Sultanate (India)
Where did new city-states emerge during this time?
Italian Peninsula
East Africa
Southeast Africa
Americas
What states synthesized local and foreign traditions?
Persian traditions influenced Islamic states.
Chinese traditions influenced states in Japan.
How did state systems expand their scope and reach in the Americas?
City-states flourished in the Maya region.
Imperial systems were created by the Mexica (Aztec) and Inca.
What interregional contacts and conflicts between states encouraged technological and cultural transfer?
Tang China and the Abbasids
- paper-making techniques between Tang China and
the Abbasids.
Across the Mongol Empire
- Gunpowder during the Mongol Empire
Between Muslims and Christians during the Crusades
- transfer of Greco-Islamic medical knowledge to
Western Europe
During Chinese maritime activity led by Ming Admiral Zheng He
- Neo-Confucianism from China to Korea and Japan
What technological innovations stimulated agricultural production?
The Chinampa Field System - Aztecs Waru Waru Agriculture - Andes Improved Terracing Techniques Horse Collar Three Field Rotation System Swamp Draining
How did increased demand for foreign luxury goods in Afro-Eurasia expand production of goods in Asia?
Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export.
Industrial production of iron and steel expanded in China.
What factors contributed to the decline of urban areas?
Invasions
Disease
Decline of agricultural productivity
What factors contributed to urban revival?
End of invasions Safe and reliable transport Rise of commerce Warmer temperatures Increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising population Greater availability of labor
What were examples of continuity in labor systems during this time?
Free peasant agriculture Nomadic pastoralism Craft production and guild organization Coerced and unfree labor Government imposed labor taxes and military obligations
What were some examples of continuity in in social structures during this time?
Shaped by class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy continued to persist in many empires. Yet, women had more power/influence in Mongol Lands, West Africa, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
What new forms of coerced labor formed?
Serfdom in Europe
Mit’a in Incan Empire
Slavery for domestic and military purposes
Free peasants rebelled against higher taxes in China & Byzantine Empires
How did the diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neo-Confucianism lead to changes in gender relations and family structure?
Divorce for both men and women in some Muslim states.
Foot binding in Song China.
Female monastic orders in Christianity and Buddhism.
