Unit 2: Networks of exchange

Question 1

What were some animals that were used to transport goods?

Answer 1

Horses and camels were used to transport goods over longer distances.

Question 2

What were some advances in maritime (ocean) technology?

Answer 2

Knowledge of Monsoon winds (how the wind affected ship sailing)
And Dhow ships (simple ships that only have one large sail)

Question 3

What were some changes in farming and irrigation techniques as a result of the spread of crops?

Answer 3

Qanat systems (gently sloping underground channel to transport water from an aquifer/well to the surface for irrigation)
Water wheels (paddles mounted on a wheel use the flow of water to generate power)
Improved wells and pumps

Question 4

How did the spread of disease pathogens (measles, small pox) along networks of exchange affect populations?

Answer 4

Diminished some urban populations & contributed to the decline of some empires.

Question 5

How were religious/cultural traditions affected by networks of exchange?

Answer 5

Religions (ie Chirstianity, Hinduism, Buddhism) transformed as they spread along exchange networks, due to syncreticism (blending of religions)

Question 6

Daoism

Answer 6

Founder- Laozi
Date(s)- 500 BCE
Origin location- China
Symbol- Yin and Yang
Deity(ies)- None (universal spirit)
Scriptures- Tao Te Ching
Key Ideas & Basic Beliefs-
-Dao: path/way
-Balance & harmony w/nature
-Three treasures: compassion, moderation, and humility
-Chinese medicine: restore balance to body
-Art & poetry: emphasis on nature
-Cycles of life
This is a ethnic religion

Question 7

Buddhism

Answer 7

Founded by Siddhartha Gautama in South Asia (India) during 500 - 400 B.C.E. Universal religion.
Symbol was the Wheel of Dharma.
Buddhism had no deity but studied the scriptures Tripitaka, Sutras.
Believed in Nirvana which was reached through understanding the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path.
Lived a monastic life for men and women.

Question 8

Four Noble Truths

Answer 8

• All life is suffering
• Suffering is desire for things
• Suffering is ended by ending all desires
• Desire is ended by following the Eightfold Path which is master one at a time

Question 9

Christianity

Answer 9

Founded by Jesus of Nazareth (Messiah who is the savior) in Judea - the Roman Province during 4 B.C.E. to 30/33 C.E. Universal religion.
Had a fish and cross symbol.
Followed the deities of god and studied the scriptures of the Bible.
Believed that all were welcome and that their was life after death with reward and punishment. Lived by a moral code of love, charity, and humility.
Also in crucifixion and resurrection.

Question 10

Islam

Answer 10

Founded by Muhammad in Mecca, Saudi Arabia during 620 C.E.
The symbol was a moon with star.
Followed the deities of Allah and studied the scripture Qur’an (Koran).
Islam had no official clergy.
Offered salvation by following the 5 pillars of Islam.

Question 11

Zoroastrianism

Answer 11

Was founded by Zoroaster in Persia during 2000 B.C.E. Universal religion.
Symbol was a man on wings.
Their deity was Ahuramazda (brought things to being)
Studied the scripture Zend Avesta
Zoroastrianism are monotheists (believed in one god), and had priests called Magi.
They believed people had a free will to decide right and wrong, that good prevails and world returns to pure state, rewarded or punished in afterlife.
This also influenced Judaism/Christianity.

Question 12

Judaism

Answer 12

Founded by Abraham in Mesopotamia (Israel) during 1800 B.C.E. Ethnic religion.
Had the Star of David as symbol
Followed the deity of God (Yahweh) and studied the scripture Torah.
Judaism was monotheism.
Had a Rabbi who was a “teacher”, and a moses who a Prophet.
Also ten commandments that are God’s laws. God loves people, but punished sin. And people served god by studying teachings.

Question 13

Hinduism

Answer 13

Their is no founder - but blends with Dravidians in India - founded in South Asia (India) during 1500 - 500 B.C.E. Vedic Age. Polytheistic religion.
Symbol is was the Aum or Om, a three with a period.
Studied the scripture Rig Vede.
Hinduism’s foundational document was the Bhagavad - Gita.
Believed in reincarnation, rebirth of soul - Karma,
actions decide fate in future - Dharma,
and duties, rights, laws, are “way of life” .
Had a caste system, one of four varnas hereditary. Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra.

Question 14

Confucianism

Answer 14

Founded by Confucius (Kung Fu-Tzu) in China during 700 B.C.E. Ethnic religion.
Had two symbols, the watet (K) and Yin/Yang.
Had no deities but was built off the Mandate of Heaven, and studied the scripture the Analects.
Confucianism believed clerics were disciples .
Social harmony - showing respect
In filial piety, husband was head of house, wife respected husband, and children respected their parents.
Confucianism had an orderly society, with education being important.

Question 15

Shamanism

Answer 15

The belief system that’s centered on shaman, a religious figure who has the ability to heal the sick and has direct communication with the spirit world.
Originated in hunter-gatherer societies.

Question 16

Animism

Answer 16

Religious belief in which everything - animals/objects have an “anima” - Latin word for “soul” and “spirit”. Developed before 10,000 B.C.E.
Animism is polytheistic and is practiced almost everywhere.

Question 17

Ethnic religions

Answer 17

Do not convert people.

Judaism, Daoism, Confucianism, Hinduism are ethnic.

Question 18

Universalizing religions

Answer 18

Trys to gain converts - initially spread by missionaries and merchants along trade routes.
Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Zoroastrianism are universalizing